Untraceable off-line cash in wallet with observers
CRYPTO '93 Proceedings of the 13th annual international cryptology conference on Advances in cryptology
Auditable metering with lighweight security
Journal of Computer Security
Efficient Identification and Signatures for Smart Cards
CRYPTO '89 Proceedings of the 9th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Efficient Group Signature Schemes for Large Groups (Extended Abstract)
CRYPTO '97 Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Provably Secure Metering Scheme
ASIACRYPT '00 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
Short Signatures from the Weil Pairing
ASIACRYPT '01 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
Group Blind Digital Signatures: A Scalable Solution to Electronic Cash
FC '98 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Financial Cryptography
The many faces of publish/subscribe
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Probabilistic counting of large digital signature collections
SSYM'00 Proceedings of the 9th conference on USENIX Security Symposium - Volume 9
International Journal of Information and Computer Security
Combating click fraud via premium clicks
SS'07 Proceedings of 16th USENIX Security Symposium on USENIX Security Symposium
Secret-Ballot Receipts: True Voter-Verifiable Elections
IEEE Security and Privacy
Detecting Click Fraud in Pay-Per-Click Streams of Online Advertising Networks
ICDCS '08 Proceedings of the 2008 The 28th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
Aggregate and verifiably encrypted signatures from bilinear maps
EUROCRYPT'03 Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Theory and applications of cryptographic techniques
A practical voter-verifiable election scheme
ESORICS'05 Proceedings of the 10th European conference on Research in Computer Security
Receipt-free universally-verifiable voting with everlasting privacy
CRYPTO'06 Proceedings of the 26th annual international conference on Advances in Cryptology
Efficient metering schemes with pricing
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
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Web advertisers prefer the cost-per-action (CPA) advertisement model whereby an advertiser pays a web publisher according to the actual amount of transactions, rather than the volume of advertisement clicks. The main obstacle for a wide deployment of this model is the deflation fraud. Namely, a dishonest advertiser under-reports the transaction count in order to discharge less. In this paper, we present a mechanism to detect such a fraud using a hybrid of cryptography and probability tools. With the assistance from a small number of users, the publisher can detect deflation fraud with a success probability growing exponentially with the fraud amount, and can estimate the amount of frauds. Our scheme is amiable to both the advertiser and the users because the existing transaction model remains unchanged. It is also efficient and scalable as the incurred communication, computation and storage costs are independent of the number of transactions.