Image Sensors and Signal Processing for Digital Still Cameras
Image Sensors and Signal Processing for Digital Still Cameras
Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits
Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits
Handbook of Optics, Third Edition Volume I: Geometrical and Physical Optics, Polarized Light, Components and Instruments(set)
SoC design of an auto-focus driving image signal processor for mobile camera applications
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics
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An autofocus (AF) sensor with global shutters using offset-free frame memory is presented. A cross-shaped AF sensor array has left and right horizontal arrays and top and bottom vertical arrays. AF is achieved by calculating the phase difference from the digital code of the light illumination difference between the left and right (or top and bottom) arrays. The global shutter was implemented by using offset-free frame memories for accuracy enhancement. The proposed offset-free frame memories consist of flip-around sample-and-hold amplifiers with correlated double sampling. An active pixel sensor array, offset-free frame memories, a programmable gain amplifier, a 10-bit pipelined analog-to-digital converter, and digital control circuits are fully integrated on the chip fabricated on the 0.18-µm CMOS image sensor technology. It occupies 7 × 8 mm2 with bonding pads. Each active pixel size is 15 × 100 µm2. The total power consumption of the AF sensor is 660 mW at 3.3-V supply voltage.