Color quantization by dynamic programming and principal analysis
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
A near-optimal initial seed value selection in K-means algorithm using a genetic algorithm
Pattern Recognition Letters
Color Image Quantization By Agglomerative Clustering
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Center-cut for color-image quantization
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
New methods for the initialisation of clusters
Pattern Recognition Letters
Color image quantization by minimizing the maximum intercluster distance
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
A comparison of clustering algorithms applied to color image quantization
Pattern Recognition Letters - special issue on pattern recognition in practice V
An adaptive clustering algorithm for color quantization
Pattern Recognition Letters
Unsupervised Segmentation of Color-Texture Regions in Images and Video
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
An Efficient k-Means Clustering Algorithm: Analysis and Implementation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Acceleration of K-Means and Related Clustering Algorithms
ALENEX '02 Revised Papers from the 4th International Workshop on Algorithm Engineering and Experiments
Color image quantization for frame buffer display
SIGGRAPH '82 Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '78 Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Colour quantization by three-dimensional frequency diffusion
Pattern Recognition Letters
Cluster center initialization algorithm for K-means clustering
Pattern Recognition Letters
Fast Recognition of Musical Genres Using RBF Networks
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
An adjustable algorithm for color quantization
Pattern Recognition Letters
Smaller coresets for k-median and k-means clustering
SCG '05 Proceedings of the twenty-first annual symposium on Computational geometry
Use of colour for hand-filled form analysis and recognition
Pattern Analysis & Applications
Fast Agglomerative Clustering Using a k-Nearest Neighbor Graph
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A method for initialising the K-means clustering algorithm using kd-trees
Pattern Recognition Letters
A PTAS for k-means clustering based on weak coresets
SCG '07 Proceedings of the twenty-third annual symposium on Computational geometry
k-means++: the advantages of careful seeding
SODA '07 Proceedings of the eighteenth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms
Data Clustering: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications (ASA-SIAM Series on Statistics and Applied Probability)
Improvement of the k-means clustering filtering algorithm
Pattern Recognition
K-Means Initialization Methods for Improving Clustering by Simulated Annealing
IBERAMIA '08 Proceedings of the 11th Ibero-American conference on AI: Advances in Artificial Intelligence
NP-hardness of Euclidean sum-of-squares clustering
Machine Learning
Journal of Signal Processing Systems
Robust partitional clustering by outlier and density insensitive seeding
Pattern Recognition Letters
Novel fast color reduction algorithm for time-constrained applications
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Real-time coherent stylization for augmented reality
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
K-Means-Type Algorithms: A Generalized Convergence Theorem and Characterization of Local Optimality
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Reducing the time complexity of the fuzzy c-means algorithm
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems
The planar k-means problem is NP-hard
Theoretical Computer Science
Least squares quantization in PCM
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
An efficient color representation for image retrieval
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Color quantization and processing by Fibonacci lattices
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Dependent scalar quantization of color images
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
New adaptive color quantization method based on self-organizing maps
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Color quantization using modified artificial fish swarm algorithm
AI'11 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
A comparative study of efficient initialization methods for the k-means clustering algorithm
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Batch neural gas with deterministic initialization for color quantization
ICCVG'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Computer Vision and Graphics
An efficient color quantization based on generic roughness measure
Pattern Recognition
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Color quantization is an important operation with many applications in graphics and image processing. Most quantization methods are essentially based on data clustering algorithms. However, despite its popularity as a general purpose clustering algorithm, k-means has not received much respect in the color quantization literature because of its high computational requirements and sensitivity to initialization. In this paper, we investigate the performance of k-means as a color quantizer. We implement fast and exact variants of k-means with several initialization schemes and then compare the resulting quantizers to some of the most popular quantizers in the literature. Experiments on a diverse set of images demonstrate that an efficient implementation of k-means with an appropriate initialization strategy can in fact serve as a very effective color quantizer.