The variational approach to shape from shading
Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing
On Photometric Issues in 3D Visual Recognition from aSingle 2D Image
International Journal of Computer Vision
The Generic Bilinear Calibration-Estimation Problem
International Journal of Computer Vision
International Journal of Computer Vision
International Journal of Computer Vision
Incorporating the Torrance and Sparrow Model of Reflectance in Uncalibrated Photometric Stereo
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Example-Based Photometric Stereo: Shape Reconstruction with General, Varying BRDFs
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Using Frontier Points to Recover Shape, Reflectance and Illumunation
ICCV '05 Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1 - Volume 01
Photometric Stereo with General, Unknown Lighting
International Journal of Computer Vision
A Non-local Approach to Shape from Ambient Shading
SSVM '09 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Scale Space and Variational Methods in Computer Vision
Rapid acquisition of specular and diffuse normal maps from polarized spherical gradient illumination
EGSR'07 Proceedings of the 18th Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
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The well-studied problem of photometric stereo has almost exclusively made the assumption that illumination is provided by distant point light sources. In this paper, we consider for the first time the problem of photometric shape recovery from images in which an object is illuminated by environment lighting, i.e. where the illumination is modelled as a function over the incident sphere. To tackle this difficult problem, we restrict ourselves to low frequency illumination environments in which the lighting is known and can be well modelled using spherical harmonics. Under these conditions we show that shape recovery from one or more colour images requires only the solution of a system of linear equations. For the single image case we make use of the properties of spherical harmonics under rotations. We assume homogeneous Lambertian reflectance (with possibly unknown albedo) but discuss how the method could be extended to other reflectance models. We show that our method allows accurate shape recovery under complex illumination, even when our assumptions are breached, and that accuracy increases with the number of input images.