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CHI '95 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Touching and hearing GUI's: design issues for the PC-Access system
Assets '96 Proceedings of the second annual ACM conference on Assistive technologies
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Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Initial design and evaluation of an interface to hypermedia systems for blind users
HYPERTEXT '97 Proceedings of the eighth ACM conference on Hypertext
An insidious Haptic invasion: adding force feedback to the X desktop
Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
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CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Simplified Authoring of 3D Haptic Content for the World Wide Web
HAPTICS '03 Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems (HAPTICS'03)
Bridging the gap: between accessibility and usability
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IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
A tactile web browser for the visually disabled
Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Hypertext and hypermedia
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Towards developing assistive haptic feedback for visually impaired internet users
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Thinking but not seeing: think-aloud for non-sighted users
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Group Work About Geometrical Concepts Among Blind and Sighted Pupils Using Haptic Interfaces
WHC '07 Proceedings of the Second Joint EuroHaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems
Haptic comparison of size (relative magnitude) in blind and sighted people
Proceedings of the 9th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Haptic-feedback support for cognitive mapping of unknown spaces by people who are blind
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
An empirical investigation into the difficulties experienced by visually impaired Internet users
Universal Access in the Information Society
A haptic rendering engine of web pages for blind users
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Evaluating a tool for improving accessibility to charts and graphs
Proceedings of the 12th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Audio and haptic based virtual environments for orientation and mobility in people who are blind
Proceedings of the 12th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
A framework for the development of haptic-enhanced web applications
ICWE'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Web Engineering
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As levels of awareness surrounding accessibility increase, designers often look towards using nonvisual technologies to make existing graphical interfaces (e.g. Web pages) more inclusive. As existing haptic design guidance is not targeted to the specific needs of blind Web users, inappropriate touchable representations of graphical objects may be developed and integrated with Web interfaces, thereby reducing the quality of the browsing experience. This paper describes the evaluation of haptic HTML mappings that were developed using a participatory-design based technique, and presented using the Logitech Wingman force-feedback mouse. Findings have shown that participants were able to identify objects presented haptically, and develop a structural representation of layout from exploring content. Participants were able to perform a range of Web-based tasks that were previously found to be difficult for some blind users when using a screen reader alone. The haptic HTML mappings are presented, along with recommendations for their application derived from a validation study. The design guidance presented offers a standard reference tool for Web designers wanting to develop an accessible browsing application, using the benefits offered by a force-feedback mouse.