A survey of practical issues in underwater networks
WUWNet '06 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Underwater networks
On the relationship between capacity and distance in an underwater acoustic communication channel
WUWNet '06 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Underwater networks
Low-power acoustic modem for dense underwater sensor networks
WUWNet '06 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Underwater networks
Cooperative multihop communication for underwater acoustic networks
WUWNet '06 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Underwater networks
A MAC protocol for ad-hoc underwater acoustic sensor networks
WUWNet '06 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Underwater networks
Understanding spatio-temporal uncertainty in medium access with ALOHA protocols
Proceedings of the second workshop on Underwater networks
A delay-reliability analysis for multihop underwater acoustic communication
Proceedings of the second workshop on Underwater networks
MU-Sync: a time synchronization protocol for underwater mobile networks
Proceedings of the third ACM international workshop on Underwater Networks
Performance of a Propagation Delay Tolerant ALOHA Protocol for Underwater Wireless Networks
DCOSS '08 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE international conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems
THE ALOHA SYSTEM: another alternative for computer communications
AFIPS '70 (Fall) Proceedings of the November 17-19, 1970, fall joint computer conference
Location-aware source routing protocol for underwater acoustic networks of AUVs
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering - Special issue on Underwater Communications and Networking
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Acoustic underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN) have recently gained attention as a topic of research. Such networks are characterized by increased uncertainty in medium access due not only to when data is sent, but also due to significantly different propagation latencies from spatially diverse transmitters-together, we call these space-time uncertainty. We find that the throughput of slotted ALOHA degrades to pure ALOHA in such an environment with varying delay. We therefore propose handling this spatial uncertainty by adding guard times to slotted ALOHA, forming Propagation Delay Tolerant (PDT-)ALOHA. We show that PDT-ALOHA increases throughput by 17-100% compared to simple slotted ALOHA in underwater settings. We analyze the protocol's performance both mathematically and via extensive simulations. We find that the throughput capacity decreases as the maximum propagation delay increases, and identify protocol parameter values that realize optimal throughput. Our results suggest that shorter hops improve throughput in UWSNs.