Modeling TCP throughput: a simple model and its empirical validation
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM '98 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
Understanding the performance of many TCP flows
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
ICNP '97 Proceedings of the 1997 International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP '97)
Internet access in Africa: empirical evidence from Kenya and Nigeria
Telematics and Informatics - Special issue: Telecommunications development in Africa
A Markov model of TCP throughput, goodput and slow start
Performance Evaluation - Special issue: Distributed systems performance
Digital literacy: Problems faced by telecenter users in Mexico
Information Technology for Development - Information Technology Research in Latin America
2G/3G network measurements in rural areas of India
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Symposium on Computing for Development
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Many network links in developing regions operate in the sub-packet regime, an environment where the typical per-flow throughput is less than 1 packet per round-trip time. TCP and other common congestion control protocols break down in the sub-packet regime, resulting in severe unfairness, high packet loss rates, and flow silences due to repetitive timeouts. To understand TCP's behavior in this regime, we propose a model particularly tailored to high packet loss-rates and relatively small congestion window sizes. We validate the model under a variety of network conditions.