Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Information visualization using 3D interactive animation
Communications of the ACM - Special issue on graphical user interfaces
Evaluating stereo and motion cues for visualizing information nets in three dimensions
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Tilting operations for small screen interfaces
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Communications of the ACM
Coherent zooming of illustrations with 3D-graphics and text
Proceedings of the conference on Graphics interface '97
Data mountain: using spatial memory for document management
Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Visualization of search results: a comparative evaluation of text, 2D, and 3D interfaces
Proceedings of the 22nd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
3D or not 3D?: evaluating the effect of the third dimension in a document management system
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The challenge to build flexible user interface components for non-immersive 3D environments
Proceedings of the HCI International '99 (the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction) on Human-Computer Interaction: Communication, Cooperation, and Application Design-Volume 2 - Volume 2
Collapsible Cylindrical Trees: A Fast Hierarchical Navigation Technique
INFOVIS '01 Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization 2001 (INFOVIS'01)
Information Visualization: Perception for Design
Information Visualization: Perception for Design
Designing a generalized 3D carousel view
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Depth and breadth away from the desktop: the optimal information hierarchy for mobile use
Proceedings of the 8th conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Editorial: Current trends in 3D user interface research
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Embodied interaction with a 3D versus 2D mobile map
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Mobile implementation of a web 3D carousel with touch input
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
A comparison of a conventional taxonomy with a 3D visualization for use by children
Proceedings of the 73rd ASIS&T Annual Meeting on Navigating Streams in an Information Ecosystem - Volume 47
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Few prior studies have directly compared 3D and 2D menus for cell phones. Because the technology available for cell phone interfaces has changed in recent years, interface guidelines for cell phones need to be re-evaluated, especially with regard to the use of 3D interfaces. In the present study, we first compared performance of tasks for menus with different breadths using three 3D menus (revolving stage, 3D carousel, and collapsible cylindrical tree) shown on the small display screen of an iPhone(R) simulator. Performance was best with the revolving stage menu, and there was a nonsignificant tendency for it to be rated as preferred by the participants. Then, we compared the 3D revolving stage menu to a 2D overview menu, for tasks of different complexity and menus of different breadths, on an actual iPhone. The 3D menu was preferred by users at high breadth levels, and the 2D menu showed better performance than the 3D menu with low memory load. From the results, recommendations for the design of menus for small displays were developed.