Contextualized questioning to scaffold learning from simulations
Computers & Education
What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy
Computers in Entertainment (CIE) - Theoretical and Practical Computer Applications in Entertainment
Making educational computer games "educational"
Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Interaction design and children
Cheating: Gaining Advantage in Videogames
Cheating: Gaining Advantage in Videogames
Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals
Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals
Rethinking scaffolding in the information age
Computers & Education
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Digital systems offer computational power and instant feedback. Game designers are using these features to create scaffolding tools to reduce player frustration. However, researchers are finding some unexpected effects of scaffolding on strategy development and problem-solving behaviors. We used a digital Sudoku game named Professor Sudoku to classify built-in critical features, frustration control and demonstration scaffolds, and to investigate their effects on player/learner behaviors. Our data indicate that scaffolding support increased the level at which puzzles could be solved, and decreased frustration resulting from excessive numbers of retries. However, it also reduced the number of unassisted placements (i.e., independently filled cells), and increased reliance on scaffolding tools, both of which are considered disadvantageous for learning. Among the three scaffold types, frustration control reduced the potential for players to feel stuck at certain levels, but also reduced the frequency of use of critical feature-making tools, which are thought to have greater heuristic value. We conclude that the simultaneous provision of critical feature and frustration control scaffolds may increase player reliance on available support, thereby reducing learning opportunities. Providing players with critical features and demonstration scaffolds at the same time increases reliance on available support for some players, but for most it encourages the development of solving strategies.