Human factors comparison of a procedural and a nonprocedural query language
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)
Improving the human factors aspect of database interactions
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)
Human Factors Studies of Database Query Languages: A Survey and Assessment
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Some basic determinants of computer programming productivity
Communications of the ACM
A comparison of a procedural and a nonprocedural query language: syntactic metrics and human factors.
Evaluating structured COBOL as a software engineering discipline
ACM SIGMIS Database
Issues in programming language design: an overview
AFIPS '75 Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1975, national computer conference and exposition
Human factors evaluation of two data base query languages: square and sequel
AFIPS '75 Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1975, national computer conference and exposition
Experimental testing in programming languages, stylistic considerations and design techniques
AFIPS '75 Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1975, national computer conference and exposition
A linguistic comparison of MUMPS and COBOL
AFIPS '80 Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1980, national computer conference
Measuring program complexity in a COBOL environment
AFIPS '80 Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1980, national computer conference
A method of programming measurement and estimation
IBM Systems Journal
A comparative analysis of DSS user-friendliness and effectiveness
International Journal of Information Management: The Journal for Information Professionals
Information Resources Management Journal
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An empirical experiment was conducted in order to compare a third generation, procedural language (COBOL) with a fourth generation, nonprocedural language (Focus) in terms of programmer productivity and program efficiency. Six applications were developed in two languages by different programmers who had been matched according to their level of expertise. The results of the experiment showed that the applications were programmed significantly faster, particularly by beginning programmers, using the nonprocedural language. On the other hand, it was found that the procedural language was significantly faster than the nonprocedural language in terms of CPU execution time.