Numerical recipes in C: the art of scientific computing
Numerical recipes in C: the art of scientific computing
Practical uses of synchronized clocks in distributed systems
PODC '91 Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
System architecture directions for networked sensors
ASPLOS IX Proceedings of the ninth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks
HICSS '00 Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences-Volume 8 - Volume 8
Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
The flooding time synchronization protocol
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks
Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks
A unifying link abstraction for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Use of Framelets for Efficient Transmitter-Receiviver rendezvous in Wireless Sensor Networks
LCN '05 Proceedings of the The IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks 30th Anniversary
Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
MoteLab: a wireless sensor network testbed
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
On the Problem of Energy Efficiency of Multi-Hop vs One-Hop Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
AINAW '07 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops - Volume 02
International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing
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A common time reference across nodes is required in most Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) applications. Also many routing protocols require that nodes communicate according to some predefined schedule for reasons of energy efficiency. However, independent distribution of the time information, without considering the routing algorithm schedule or network topology, may lead to a failure of the synchronisation protocol. This can be avoided by integrating the synchronisation service into the network layer with a so-called cross-layer approach. We present two novel cross-layer routing algorithms, CLEAR and RISS. We implemented and tested the performance of these solutions in simulations and also deployed these routing techniques on sensor nodes using TinyOS. All proposed schemes extend the network lifetime and due to their lightweight architecture they are very efficient on WSN nodes with constrained resources. Hence, it is recommended that a cross-layer approach should be a feature of any routing algorithm for WSNs.