Technical Note: \cal Q-Learning
Machine Learning
An introduction to genetic algorithms
An introduction to genetic algorithms
Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning
Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Prisoner's Dilemma
Evolving behaviors in the iterated prisoner's dilemma
Evolutionary Computation
Utility based Q-learning to facilitate cooperation in Prisoner's Dilemma games
Web Intelligence and Agent Systems
Satisficing and learning cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma
IJCAI'01 Proceedings of the 17th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
Evolution and incremental learning in the iterated prisoner's dilemma
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
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We have proposed the utility-based Q-learning concept that supposes an agent internally has an emotional mechanism that derives subjective utilities from objective rewards and the agent uses the utilities as rewards of Q-learning. We have also proposed such an emotional mechanism that facilitates cooperative actions in Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) games. However, this mechanism has been designed and implemented manually in order to force the agents to take cooperative actions in PD games. Since it seems slightly unnatural, this work considers whether such an emotional mechanism exists and where it comes from. We try to evolve such mechanisms that facilitate cooperative actions in PD games by conducting simulation experiments with a genetic algorithm, and we investigate the evolved mechanisms from various points of view.