The Dexter hypertext reference model
Communications of the ACM
Multiple open services: a new approach to service provision in open hypermedia systems
Proceedings of the 12th ACM conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia
A Framework for Developing Mobile, Context-aware Applications
PERCOM '04 Proceedings of the Second IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom'04)
Context-aware middleware for mobile multimedia applications
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Mobile and ubiquitous multimedia
A service-oriented middleware for building context-aware services
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Mobile Networks and Applications
Adaptive middleware architecture for information sharing on mobile phones
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on Applied computing
IWCMC '07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Wireless communications and mobile computing
Context-Aware Middleware for Anytime, Anywhere Social Networks
IEEE Intelligent Systems
A survey on context-aware systems
International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing
Content sharing middleware for mobile devices
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on MOBILe Wireless MiddleWARE, Operating Systems, and Applications
AGORA: an integrated approach for collaboration in MANETs
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on MOBILe Wireless MiddleWARE, Operating Systems, and Applications
A Framework for the Design of Ubiquitous Learning Applications
HICSS '09 Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
MobiSoC: a middleware for mobile social computing applications
Mobile Networks and Applications
Location-Based Adaptive Mobile Learning Research Framework and Topics
CSE '09 Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering - Volume 01
ICCGI '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Fourth International Multi-Conference on Computing in the Global Information Technology
A Context-Aware Personalized M-learning Application Based on M-learning Preferences
WMUTE '10 Proceedings of the 2010 6th IEEE International Conference on Wireless, Mobile, and Ubiquitous Technologies in Education
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The emergence of mobile and ubiquitous technologies as important tools to complement formal learning has been accompanied by a growing interest in their educational benefits and applications. Mobile devices can be used to promote learning anywhere and anytime, to foster social learning and knowledge sharing, or to visualize augmented reality applications for learning purposes. However, the development of these applications is difficult for many researchers because it requires understanding many different protocols; dealing with distributed schemas, processes, platforms, and services; learning new programming languages; and interacting with different hardware sensors and drivers. For that reason, the use of frameworks and middleware that encapsulate part of this complexity appears to be fundamental to the further development of mobile learning projects. This study analyzes the state of the art of frameworks and middleware devoted to simplifying the development of mobile and ubiquitous learning applications. The results can be useful to many researchers involved in the development of projects using these technologies by providing an overview of the features implemented in each of these frameworks.