Private acts and public objects: An investigation of citer motives
Journal of the American Society for Information Science
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Mathematical theory of the h- and g-index in case of fractional counting of authorship
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
The impact factor's Matthew Effect: A natural experiment in bibliometrics
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
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This article defines different perspectives for citations and introduces four concepts: Self-expected Citations, Received Citations, Expected Citations, and Deserved Citations. When comparing permutations of these four classes of perspectives, there are up to 145 kinds of equality/inequality relations. From these numerous relations, we analyze the difference between the Matthew Effect and the Matthew Phenomenon. We provide a precise definition and point out that many previous empirical research studies on the Matthew Effect based on citations belong primarily to the Matthew Phenomenon, and not the true meaning of the Matthew Effect. Due to the difficulty in determining the Deserved Citations, the Matthew Effect is in itself difficult to measure, although it is commonly believed to influence citation counts. Furthermore, from the theoretical facts, we outline four new effects/phenomena: the Self-confidence Effect/Phenomenon, the Narcissus Effect/Phenomenon, the Other-confidence Effect/Phenomenon, and the Flattery Effect/Phenomenon, and we discuss additional influencing factors.