Theory of linear and integer programming
Theory of linear and integer programming
The maximum concurrent flow problem
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Network flows: theory, algorithms, and applications
Network flows: theory, algorithms, and applications
Designing least-cost nonblocking broadband networks
Journal of Algorithms
A flexible model for resource management in virtual private networks
Proceedings of the conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
Provisioning a virtual private network: a network design problem for multicommodity flow
STOC '01 Proceedings of the thirty-third annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
Algorithms for provisioning virtual private networks in the hose model
Proceedings of the 2001 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Internet indirection infrastructure
Proceedings of the 2002 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Traffic matrix estimation: existing techniques and new directions
Proceedings of the 2002 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Fast Approximation Algorithms for Fractional Steiner Forest and Related Problems
FOCS '02 Proceedings of the 43rd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
Optimal oblivious routing in polynomial time
Proceedings of the thirty-fifth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
Measuring ISP topologies with rocketfuel
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Efficient and robust routing of highly variable traffic
Efficient and robust routing of highly variable traffic
Preconfiguring IP-over-Optical Networks to Handle Router Failures and Unpredictable Traffic
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Forward-Looking WDM Network Reconfiguration with Per-Link Congestion Control
Journal of Network and Systems Management
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Routing traffic subject to hose model constraints has been of much recent research interest. Two-phase routing has been proposed as a mechanism for routing traffic in the hose model. It has desirable properties in being able to statically preconfigure the transport network and in being able to handle constraints imposed by specialized service overlays. In this paper, we investigate whether the desirable properties of two-phase routing come with any resource overhead compared to: 1) direct source-destination path routing; and 2) optimal scheme among the class of all schemes that are allowed to even make the routing dynamically dependent on the traffic matrix. In the pursuit of this endeavor, we achieve several milestones. First, we develop a polynomial-size linear programming (LP) formulation for maximum throughput routing of hose traffic along direct source-destination paths. Second, we develop a polynomial-size LP formulation for maximum throughput two-phase routing of hose traffic for a generalized version of the scheme proposed in our previous work. Third, we develop a polynomial-size LP formulation for minimum-cost two-phase routing of hose traffic for the generalized version of the scheme. We also give a second (simpler) LP formulation and fast combinatorial algorithm for this problem using an upper bound on the end-to-end traffic demand. Fourth, we prove that the throughput (and cost) of two-phase routing is within a factor of 2 of that of the optimal scheme. Using the polynomial-size LP formulations developed, we compare the throughput of two-phase routing to that of direct source-destination path routing and optimal scheme on actual Internet service provider topologies collected for the Rocketfuel project and three research network topologies. The throughput of two-phase routing matches that of direct source-destination path routing and is close to that of the optimal scheme on all evaluated topologies. We conclude that two-phase routing achieves its robustness to traffic variation without imposing any appreciable additional resource requirements over previous approaches.