Sonar-based measurement of user presence and attention
Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Ubiquitous computing
Improved use of continuous attributes in C4.5
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
iSense: a wireless sensor network based conference room management system
Proceedings of the First ACM Workshop on Embedded Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Buildings
A multi-sensor based occupancy estimation model for supporting demand driven HVAC operations
Proceedings of the 2012 Symposium on Simulation for Architecture and Urban Design
Estimation of building occupancy levels through environmental signals deconvolution
Proceedings of the 5th ACM Workshop on Embedded Systems For Energy-Efficient Buildings
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The ability to accurately determine localized building occupancy in real time enables several compelling applications, including intelligent control of building systems to minimize energy use and real-time building visualization. Having equipped an office workspace with a heterogeneous sensor array, our goal was to use the sensors in tandem to produce a real-time occupancy detector. We used Decision Trees to perform the classification and to explore the relationship between different types of sensors, features derived from sensor data, and occupancy. We found that the individual feature which best distinguished presence from absence was the root mean square error of a passive infrared motion sensor, calculated over a two-minute period. When used with a simple threshold, this individual feature detected occupancy with 97.9% accuracy. Combining multiple motion sensor features with a decision tree, the accuracy improved to 98.4%. Counterintuitively, the addition of other types of sensors, such as sound, CO2, and power use, worsened the classification results. The implication is that, while Decision Trees may improve occupancy detection systems based on motion sensors alone, one risks overfitting if multiple types of sensors are combined.