Image and brain: the resolution of the imagery debate
Image and brain: the resolution of the imagery debate
Computers as Cognitive Tools: No More Walls
Computers as Cognitive Tools: No More Walls
When do we interact multimodally?: cognitive load and multimodal communication patterns
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Assessing Cognitive Load with Physiological Sensors
HICSS '05 Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - Volume 09
Using pen input features as indices of cognitive load
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Cognitive Load Measurement from User's Linguistic Speech Features for Adaptive Interaction Design
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part I
Multimodal behavior and interaction as indicators of cognitive load
ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS) - Special issue on highlights of the decade in interactive intelligent systems
International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction
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This paper presents a longitudinal study that explores the combined effect of cognitive load and expertise on the use of a scratchpad. Our results confirm that such cognitive support benefits users under high cognitive load through visual aid, perceptual motor use and helps to improve meaningful learning and successful problem solving. Indeed, we found significant changes in stroke frequency affected by cognitive load, which we believe are caused by the scratchpad essentially augmenting or extending working memory capacity. However, the discrepancy between stroke frequencies under low and high load is reduced with expertise. These results indicate that pen stroke frequency, which can be automated with electronic devices, could be used as an indicator of cognitive load, or conversely, of expertise level.