The interface is often not the problem
CHI '87 Proceedings of the SIGCHI/GI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface
Cost/benefit analysis for incorporating human factors in the software lifecycle
Communications of the ACM
Getting around the task-artifact cycle: how to make claims and design by scenario
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
The role of task analysis in systems design
Interacting with Computers
Task analysis and systems analysis for software development
Interacting with Computers
The pluralistic usability walkthrough: coordinated empathies
Usability inspection methods
The cognitive walkthrough method: a practitioner's guide
Usability inspection methods
Participatory Design: Principles and Practices
Participatory Design: Principles and Practices
The human-computer interaction handbook
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Motivation -- The research goal was to support the design, development and evaluation of a new multitargeting weapon system while considering (future) endusers' requirements and limitations at early stages of the concept design. Research approach -- An original Human Factors approach was adopted and based on three steps in which future end-users were highly involved. 1) Scenario walkthroughs allowed end-users to envision the system in use, prior to development, 2) the design of the system concept and associated Human Machine Interface (HMI) materialised in a first multi-targeting simulator version and 3) the simulations were used to evaluate the concept. Findings -- The user-lead development approach proved to be useful to define a first version of the multi-targeting concept and to ensure that user requirements are represented in the system definition. Especially, the simulation provided valuable information on how well a multi-targeting system could be used by military operators. Despite costs associated with the multi-targeting task, (e.g. increased mental load), operators were able to manage up to four incoming targets. Research limitations -- Although this research provided a first version of the operational concept, further design studies are necessary to see what adjustments (e.g., level of automation, adaptive HMI) could support the operational task even better. Originality -- The approach tackled the system design problem in its entirety, not only focusing on the HMI elements but on the operational concept of a novel system which included system, control and information requirements from a user perspective. Take away message -- The user-lead development in this specific military field was a valuable method for generating design requirements for a non-existing system at early stages of the concept design.