Zero knowledge proofs of identity
STOC '87 Proceedings of the nineteenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
How to prove yourself: practical solutions to identification and signature problems
Proceedings on Advances in cryptology---CRYPTO '86
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SIAM Journal on Computing
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Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages
Digital watermarking
Foundations of Cryptography: Basic Tools
Foundations of Cryptography: Basic Tools
Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking
Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking
Watermarking, tamper-proffing, and obfuscation: tools for software protection
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
On the (Im)possibility of Obfuscating Programs
CRYPTO '01 Proceedings of the 21st Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
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EUROCRYPT '01 Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques: Advances in Cryptology
Tamper Resistant Software: An Implementation
Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Information Hiding
Zero Knowledge Watermark Detection
IH '99 Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Information Hiding
Zero-Knowledge Watermark Detection and Proof of Ownership
IHW '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Information Hiding
A Graph Theoretic Approach to Software Watermarking
IHW '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Information Hiding
Experience with software watermarking
ACSAC '00 Proceedings of the 16th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference
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IEEE Security and Privacy
Watermarking Systems Engineering (Signal Processing and Communications, 21)
Watermarking Systems Engineering (Signal Processing and Communications, 21)
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Software watermarking has been proposed as a way to prove ownership of software intellectual property in order to contain software piracy. In this paper, we propose a novel watermarking technique based on Zero Knowledge Proofs. The advantages are multi-fold. The watermark recognizer can now be distributed publicly. This helps in watermark being used as a proof for both authorship and authentication of the software. The watermark is shown as a mathematical proof which varies with every run instead of the watermark string as in the previous techniques. This watermarking scheme not only has a high degree of tamper resistance but also allows the protocol to point out the tampered subset of the embedded secret data. We present potential attacks on the protocol and discuss the strength of the watermarking scheme. We present empirical results based on our implementation.