The effects of emotional icons on remote communication
Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mobile culture of children and teenagers in Finland
Perpetual contact
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices & services
Why everyone loves to text message: social management with SMS
GROUP '05 Proceedings of the 2005 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work
Review: The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: A review
Computers in Human Behavior
Exploiting social interactions in mobile systems
UbiComp '07 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Ubiquitous computing
LiveLab: measuring wireless networks and smartphone users in the field
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Getting real: a naturalistic methodology for using smartphones to collect mediated communications
Advances in Human-Computer Interaction
What's up with whatsapp?: comparing mobile instant messaging behaviors with traditional SMS
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
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Our goal in the present study was to understand how emoticons are used in text messaging and, in particular, how genders differed in the frequency and variety of emoticons used via this medium. Previous research has found small and sundry differences in emotive expression online suggesting that technology has closed the gender gap. However, the data collected in these studies were public. In this study, we collected real portions of private communications data from individuals' smartphones over a 6-month period. SMS messages, in general, were not used very much overall, with only 4% of all messages containing at least one emoticon. Still, differences between genders manifested in the amount and variety of emoticons used. Females sent more messages with emoticons; however, surprisingly, males used a more diverse range of emoticons.