Dynamic Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks
IEEE Design & Test
Simulating the power consumption of large-scale sensor network applications
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Single inductor, multiple input, multiple output (SIMIMO) power mixer-charger-supply system
ISLPED '07 Proceedings of the 2007 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Proceedings of the 14th ACM/IEEE international symposium on Low power electronics and design
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Part I: Regular Papers
Maximizing the lifetime of embedded systems powered by fuel cell-battery hybrids
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
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Microsystems must conform to microscale dimensions, store sufficient energy to last extended periods, and supply enough power to sustain, among others, wireless and sensor functions. Because batteries source moderate power with low energy densities, miniaturized devices benefit from deriving energy from fuel cells (FCs) and power from Li ions, rather than relying on one source and over-sizing it to offset its deficiency. This article presents a single-inductor, dual-input, dual-output (SIDIDO) charger-supply 0.5-μm CMOS IC with a nested hysteretic-control scheme that draws energy from a FC and conditions power to charge a Li ion and supply a 1---V, 1-mA load. The IC dynamically adjusts to the load, charging the Li ion with excess power from the FC during light loads and supplying power from both the FC and Li ion otherwise. The fabricated prototype regulated its output to 1 V within 2.5% and responded to rising and falling 0.1---1-mA load dumps within 30 μs and 50 mV. The efficiency peaked at 32% because the load was low and the converter operated in continuous (rather than in discontinuous) conduction and sensed its inductor current via lossy sense resistors (instead of sense FETs) to manage risk and validate functionality.