Distributed Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 2)
Design patterns: elements of reusable object-oriented software
Design patterns: elements of reusable object-oriented software
Sorting things out: classification and its consequences
Sorting things out: classification and its consequences
The Social Life of Information
The Social Life of Information
Human-Machine Reconfigurations: Plans and Situated Actions
Human-Machine Reconfigurations: Plans and Situated Actions
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
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Socio-technical systems continue to grow larger and more complex, comprising increasingly significant portions of contemporary society. Yet systematic understanding of interrelationships between social and technological elements remains elusive, even as computers and information systems proliferate. In this paper, we draw on ethnomethodology to distinguish several different kinds of processes through which communication and information are constituted. We discuss the distinctive properties of each in an effort to develop systematic understanding of basic elements of socio-technical systems. In particular, we offer a basic categorization of communication and information standards, noting the constitutive importance of their accompanying social practices. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.