Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Using moment invariants and HMM in facial expression recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Capturing Subtle Facial Motions in 3D Face Tracking
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Facial expression recognition from video sequences: temporal and static modeling
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on Face recognition
A 3D Facial Expression Database For Facial Behavior Research
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
3D Facial Expression Recognition Based on Primitive Surface Feature Distribution
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2
General Averaged Divergence Analysis
ICDM '07 Proceedings of the 2007 Seventh IEEE International Conference on Data Mining
Geometric Mean for Subspace Selection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Facial expression recognition based on Local Binary Patterns: A comprehensive study
Image and Vision Computing
A novel approach to classification of facial expressions from 3D-mesh datasets using modified PCA
Pattern Recognition Letters
Image ratio features for facial expression recognition application
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics - Special issue on game theory
Facial expression recognition on multiple manifolds
Pattern Recognition
Resampling Approach to Facial Expression Recognition Using 3D Meshes
ICPR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition
Synthesis and recognition of facial expressions in virtual 3D views
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Feature level analysis for 3D facial expression recognition
Neurocomputing
A Generic Framework for Efficient 2-D and 3-D Facial Expression Analogy
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Robust least-squares estimation with a relative entropy constraint
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Bayesian Tensor Approach for 3-D Face Modeling
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Facial expression recognition using 3D facial feature distances
ICIAR'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
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All the previous work on 3D facial expression recognition is always based on different feature extraction algorithms and different classifiers, so there is no uniform standard for us to identify which features are the ''best''. This paper investigates KL divergence (relative entropy) for discrimination power computation to determine the ''best'' features in this field. From experiments, we can conclude that local facial expression features in flow-matrix form are more beneficial to 3D facial expression recognition than in geometry-matrix form; the feature points in local expression regions can be more discriminative than points in face contour; and the slope and angle features are more powerful than distance features. Above all, this paper verifies that the KL divergence can definitely be considered as the standard for determining the ''best'' features to recognize 3D facial expressions. This is the first exploration on BU-3DFE (Binghamton University 3D Facial Expression) database to find a standard for evaluating the extracted facial expression features, and all of these results are remarkable for 3D facial expression feature extraction.