Recognizing Human Facial Expressions From Long Image Sequences Using Optical Flow
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Coding, Analysis, Interpretation, and Recognition of Facial Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting
Journal of Computer and System Sciences - Special issue: 26th annual ACM symposium on the theory of computing & STOC'94, May 23–25, 1994, and second annual Europe an conference on computational learning theory (EuroCOLT'95), March 13–15, 1995
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic Classification of Single Facial Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Improved Boosting Algorithms Using Confidence-rated Predictions
Machine Learning - The Eleventh Annual Conference on computational Learning Theory
Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Recognizing Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Multiresolution Gray-Scale and Rotation Invariant Texture Classification with Local Binary Patterns
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
Comprehensive Database for Facial Expression Analysis
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Facial expression recognition from video sequences: temporal and static modeling
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on Face recognition
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Evaluation of Face Resolution for Expression Analysis
CVPRW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (CVPRW'04) Volume 5 - Volume 05
Real-Time Inference of Complex Mental States from Facial Expressions and Head Gestures
CVPRW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (CVPRW'04) Volume 10 - Volume 10
Active and Dynamic Information Fusion for Facial Expression Understanding from Image Sequences
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Handbook of Face Recognition
Recognizing Facial Expression: Machine Learning and Application to Spontaneous Behavior
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 2 - Volume 02
Simultaneous Facial Action Tracking and Expression Recognition Using a Particle Filter
ICCV '05 Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Workshops - Volume 03
Regression and Classification Approaches to Eye Localization in Face Images
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Fully Automatic Facial Action Unit Detection and Temporal Analysis
CVPRW '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop
Dynamic Texture Recognition Using Local Binary Patterns with an Application to Facial Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Dynamics of facial expression extracted automatically from video
Image and Vision Computing
The CSU face identification evaluation system: its purpose, features, and structure
ICVS'03 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Computer vision systems
Probabilistic expression analysis on manifolds
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
A discriminative feature space for detecting and recognizing faces
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
From facial expression to level of interest: a spatio-temporal approach
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Value directed learning of gestures and facial displays
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
CVPR'03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Facial expression analysis using nonlinear decomposable generative models
AMFG'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Analysis and Modelling of Faces and Gestures
Appearance manifold of facial expression
ICCV'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Computer Vision in Human-Computer Interaction
Boosting local binary pattern (LBP)-Based face recognition
SINOBIOMETRICS'04 Proceedings of the 5th Chinese conference on Advances in Biometric Person Authentication
Facial action recognition for facial expression analysis from static face images
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Face recognition by independent component analysis
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Facial-component-based bag of words and PHOG descriptor for facial expression recognition
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
Facial expression recognition on multiple manifolds
Pattern Recognition
Facial expression recognition based on fusion of sparse representation
ICIC'10 Proceedings of the Advanced intelligent computing theories and applications, and 6th international conference on Intelligent computing
Spatiotemporal-boosted DCT features for head and face gesture analysis
HBU'10 Proceedings of the First international conference on Human behavior understanding
Facial expression recognition in JAFFE dataset based on Gaussian process classification
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Curvelet entropy for facial expression recognition
PCM'10 Proceedings of the Advances in multimedia information processing, and 11th Pacific Rim conference on Multimedia: Part II
ICONIP'10 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Neural information processing: models and applications - Volume Part II
On the Occurrence Probability of Local Binary Patterns: A Theoretical Study
Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision
Mixed 2D-3D information for face recognition
Transactions on edutainment V
Robust classification of face and head gestures in video
Image and Vision Computing
Combining contrast information and local binary patterns for gender classification
SCIA'11 Proceedings of the 17th Scandinavian conference on Image analysis
Facial expression recognition from near-infrared videos
Image and Vision Computing
Automatic facial expression recognition using statistical-like moments
ICIAP'11 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Image analysis and processing: Part I
A novel facial expression database construction method based on web images
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service
AVEC 2011-the first international audio/visual emotion challenge
ACII'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Affective computing and intelligent interaction - Volume Part II
Adaptive facial expression recognition using inter-modal top-down context
ICMI '11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on multimodal interfaces
Survey of various feature extraction and classification techniques for facial expression recognition
EHAC'12/ISPRA/NANOTECHNOLOGY'12 Proceedings of the 11th WSEAS international conference on Electronics, Hardware, Wireless and Optical Communications, and proceedings of the 11th WSEAS international conference on Signal Processing, Robotics and Automation, and proceedings of the 4th WSEAS international conference on Nanotechnology
Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns and local fisher discriminant analysis
WSEAS Transactions on Signal Processing
Noise tolerant local binary pattern operator for efficient texture analysis
Pattern Recognition Letters
Automatic facial expression recognition based on spatiotemporal descriptors
Pattern Recognition Letters
Robust face detection using local gradient patterns and evidence accumulation
Pattern Recognition
Image security and biometrics: a review
HAIS'12 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Hybrid Artificial Intelligent Systems - Volume Part II
Video-driven state-aware facial animation
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
Facial expression recognition based on cortex-like mechanisms
ICSI'12 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Advances in Swarm Intelligence - Volume Part II
3D/4D facial expression analysis: An advanced annotated face model approach
Image and Vision Computing
Recognition of 3D facial expression dynamics
Image and Vision Computing
Kinect-based visual communication system
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service
Fusion of feature sets and classifiers for facial expression recognition
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Face hallucination based on morphological component analysis
Signal Processing
AVEC 2012: the continuous audio/visual emotion challenge
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
Facial expression recognition using tracked facial actions: Classifier performance analysis
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Image and Vision Computing
Dynamic facial expression recognition using longitudinal facial expression atlases
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Local higher-order statistics (LHS) for texture categorization and facial analysis
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part VII
Exploring bag of words architectures in the facial expression domain
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Complex bingham distribution for facial feature detection
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Facial expression recognition using game theory
ANNPR'12 Proceedings of the 5th INNS IAPR TC 3 GIRPR conference on Artificial Neural Networks in Pattern Recognition
Visualization of time-series data in parameter space for understanding facial dynamics
EuroVis'11 Proceedings of the 13th Eurographics / IEEE - VGTC conference on Visualization
Biometric cryptosystem based on discretized fingerprint texture descriptors
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Recognizing facial expressions using a novel shape motion descriptor
Proceedings of the Eighth Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing
A robust feature extraction method for human facial expressions recognition systems
Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Image and Vision Computing New Zealand
A fast and robust feature set for cross individual facial expression recognition
ICCVG'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Computer Vision and Graphics
Facial expression recognition using game theory and particle swarm optimization
ICCVG'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Computer Vision and Graphics
Hough forest-based facial expression recognition from video sequences
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Trends and Topics in Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Spatiotemporal features for effective facial expression recognition
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Trends and Topics in Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Automatic Facial Expression Recognition by Facial Parts Location with Boosted-LBP
International Journal of Computer Vision and Image Processing
LSTM-Modeling of continuous emotions in an audiovisual affect recognition framework
Image and Vision Computing
A comparative study of color texture features for face analysis
CCIW'13 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computational Color Imaging
Learning realistic facial expressions from web images
Pattern Recognition
3D face recognition using local binary patterns
Signal Processing
Enhancing expression recognition in the wild with unlabeled reference data
ACCV'12 Proceedings of the 11th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
ACCV'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Manifold based sparse representation for facial understanding in natural images
Image and Vision Computing
Framework for reliable, real-time facial expression recognition for low resolution images
Pattern Recognition Letters
Bee royalty offspring algorithm for improvement of facial expressions classification model
International Journal of Bio-Inspired Computation
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM international workshop on Audio/visual emotion challenge
AVEC 2013: the continuous audio/visual emotion and depression recognition challenge
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM international workshop on Audio/visual emotion challenge
Audiovisual three-level fusion for continuous estimation of Russell's emotion circumplex
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM international workshop on Audio/visual emotion challenge
Face recognition with enhanced local directional patterns
Neurocomputing
Why is facial expression analysis in the wild challenging?
Proceedings of the 2013 on Emotion recognition in the wild challenge and workshop
Facing reality: an industrial view on large scale use of facial expression analysis
Proceedings of the 2013 on Emotion recognition in the wild challenge and workshop
Learning finite Beta-Liouville mixture models via variational bayes for proportional data clustering
IJCAI'13 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence
Real-time recovery of moving 3D faces for emerging applications
Computers in Industry
Facial expression recognition in dynamic sequences: An integrated approach
Pattern Recognition
Emotion recognition from geometric facial features using self-organizing map
Pattern Recognition
Transfer learning with one-class data
Pattern Recognition Letters
Feature selection for improved 3D facial expression recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Linear subspaces for facial expression recognition
Image Communication
Dynamic facial expression analysis based on extended spatio-temporal histogram of oriented gradients
International Journal of Biometrics
An SVM-AdaBoost facial expression recognition system
Applied Intelligence
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Automatic facial expression analysis is an interesting and challenging problem, and impacts important applications in many areas such as human-computer interaction and data-driven animation. Deriving an effective facial representation from original face images is a vital step for successful facial expression recognition. In this paper, we empirically evaluate facial representation based on statistical local features, Local Binary Patterns, for person-independent facial expression recognition. Different machine learning methods are systematically examined on several databases. Extensive experiments illustrate that LBP features are effective and efficient for facial expression recognition. We further formulate Boosted-LBP to extract the most discriminant LBP features, and the best recognition performance is obtained by using Support Vector Machine classifiers with Boosted-LBP features. Moreover, we investigate LBP features for low-resolution facial expression recognition, which is a critical problem but seldom addressed in the existing work. We observe in our experiments that LBP features perform stably and robustly over a useful range of low resolutions of face images, and yield promising performance in compressed low-resolution video sequences captured in real-world environments.