Recognizing faces with PCA and ICA
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on Face recognition
Two-Dimensional PCA: A New Approach to Appearance-Based Face Representation and Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
N-division output coding method applied to face recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Energy-based models for sparse overcomplete representations
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Energy-based models for sparse overcomplete representations
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Recent advances in visual and infrared face recognition: a review
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Face recognition: A study in information fusion using fuzzy integral
Pattern Recognition Letters
Feature Extraction Using Independent Components of Each Category
Neural Processing Letters
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face recognition by Kernel independent component analysis
IEA/AIE'2005 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Innovations in Applied Artificial Intelligence
Classification of Faces in Man and Machine
Neural Computation
Deterioration of visual information in face classification using Eigenfaces and Fisherfaces
Machine Vision and Applications
An efficient illumination normalization method for face recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Weighted Sub-Gabor for face recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Gabor wavelets and General Discriminant Analysis for face identification and verification
Image and Vision Computing
Gabor wavelets and General Discriminant Analysis for face identification and verification
Image and Vision Computing
Audio-visual perception of a lecturer in a smart seminar room
Signal Processing - Special section: Multimodal human-computer interfaces
Shadow compensation in 2D images for face recognition
Pattern Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Information maximization in face processing
Neurocomputing
2D and 3D face recognition: A survey
Pattern Recognition Letters
Localized versus locality-preserving subspace projections for face recognition
Journal on Image and Video Processing
Face Detection Using Mixture of MLP Experts
Neural Processing Letters
Face recognition incorporating ancillary information
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
Independent component analysis-based defect detection in patterned liquid crystal display surfaces
Image and Vision Computing
Cancer classification using Rotation Forest
Computers in Biology and Medicine
Classification of face images using local iterated function systems
Machine Vision and Applications
A novel class-dependence feature analysis method for face recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
An overview on model-based approaches in face recognition
AIKED'08 Proceedings of the 7th WSEAS International Conference on Artificial intelligence, knowledge engineering and data bases
Face Recognition Based on Near-Infrared Light Using Mobile Phone
ICANNGA '07 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Adaptive and Natural Computing Algorithms, Part II
ICA Based Super-Resolution Face Hallucination and Recognition
ISNN '07 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Neural Networks: Part II--Advances in Neural Networks
Head Pose Estimation Based on Tensor Factorization
Neural Information Processing
Shape-Based Human Activity Recognition Using Independent Component Analysis and Hidden Markov Model
IEA/AIE '08 Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems: New Frontiers in Applied Artificial Intelligence
An Improved Algorithm for Estimating the ICA Model Concerning the Convergence Rate
AMDO '08 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Articulated Motion and Deformable Objects
A Version of the FastICA Algorithm Based on the Secant Method Combined with Simple Iterations Method
ICISP '08 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Image and Signal Processing
Dimensionality Reduction Method Applied for Multi-view Face Database Recognition
ICIC '08 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Intelligent Computing: Advanced Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications - with Aspects of Artificial Intelligence
ICA-based neighborhood preserving analysis for face recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A simplified GLRAM algorithm for face recognition
Neurocomputing
Data-driven curvature for real-time line drawing of dynamic scenes
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Optimal Local Basis: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Face Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision
Implications of resource limitations for a conscious machine
Neurocomputing
Identity Management in Face Recognition Systems
Biometrics and Identity Management
Local Image Descriptors Using Supervised Kernel ICA
PSIVT '09 Proceedings of the 3rd Pacific Rim Symposium on Advances in Image and Video Technology
Facial Expression Recognition by Supervised Independent Component Analysis Using MAP Estimation
IEICE - Transactions on Information and Systems
Facial expression recognition based on Local Binary Patterns: A comprehensive study
Image and Vision Computing
Data preparation for sample-based face detection
International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology
A new approach for face recognition by sketches in photos
Signal Processing
ICA '09 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Independent Component Analysis and Signal Separation
Complex wavelet transform-based face recognition
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
Face recognition using immune network based on principal component analysis
Proceedings of the first ACM/SIGEVO Summit on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation
A view-based statistical system for multi-view face detection and pose estimation
Image and Vision Computing
Face recognition in JPEG and JPEG2000 compressed domain
Image and Vision Computing
Face recognition using principle components and linear discriminant analysis
ISPRA'09 Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS international conference on Signal processing, robotics and automation
Facial Feature Extraction Using Geometric Feature and Independent Component Analysis
Knowledge Acquisition: Approaches, Algorithms and Applications
Age Classification System with ICA Based Local Facial Features
ISNN 2009 Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Neural Networks: Advances in Neural Networks - Part II
Face recognition across pose: A review
Pattern Recognition
Gabor Filter Based Efficient Thermal and Visual Face Recognition Using Fusion Architectures
Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Advances in Intelligent IT: Active Media Technology 2006
Block LDA and Gradient Image for Face Recognition
IEA/AIE '09 Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems: Next-Generation Applied Intelligence
A comparative study of facial appearance modeling methods for active appearance models
Pattern Recognition Letters
A source adaptive independent component analysis algorithm through solving the estimating equation
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Multi-band Gradient Component Pattern (MGCP): A New Statistical Feature for Face Recognition
SCIA '09 Proceedings of the 16th Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis
Microarray data classification based on ensemble independent component selection
Computers in Biology and Medicine
Short Communication: Face recognition using message passing based clustering method
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
An improved method for face recognition based on SVM in frequency domain
Machine Graphics & Vision International Journal
Face recognition under occlusions and variant expressions with partial similarity
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Context-aware person identification in personal photo collections
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia - Special issue on integration of context and content
Expression-invariant face recognition with constrained optical flow warping
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Hierarchical ensemble of global and local classifiers for face recognition
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
ICA color space for pattern recognition
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
A novel statistical generative model dedicated to face recognition
Image and Vision Computing
Independent components extraction from image matrix
Pattern Recognition Letters
ICA Based on KPCA and Hierarchical RBF Network for Face Recognition
ICIC '07 Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Computing: Advanced Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications. With Aspects of Artificial Intelligence
Modular image principal component analysis for face recognition
IJCNN'09 Proceedings of the 2009 international joint conference on Neural Networks
An automated palmprint recognition system
Image and Vision Computing
A context-aware middleware for real-time semantic enrichment of distributed multimedia metadata
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Face recognition method by using large and representative datasets
CCDC'09 Proceedings of the 21st annual international conference on Chinese control and decision conference
(2D)2PCA-ICA: a new approach for face representation and recognition
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Tools for application-driven linear dimension reduction
Neurocomputing
Robust visual similarity retrieval in single model face databases
Pattern Recognition
2D-LDA: A statistical linear discriminant analysis for image matrix
Pattern Recognition Letters
Selecting discriminant eigenfaces for face recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
A performance driven methodology for cancelable face templates generation
Pattern Recognition
A doubly weighted approach for appearance-based subspace learning methods
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
An illumination normalization model for face recognition under varied lighting conditions
Pattern Recognition Letters
Independent process analysis without a priori dimensional information
ICA'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Independent component analysis and signal separation
A novel ICA-based image/video processing method
ICA'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Independent component analysis and signal separation
Face recognition based on binary template matching
ICIC'07 Proceedings of the intelligent computing 3rd international conference on Advanced intelligent computing theories and applications
An adaptively weighted sub-pattern locality preserving projection for face recognition
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
SVM-based feature extraction for face recognition
Pattern Recognition
Discriminant independent component analysis
IDEAL'09 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent data engineering and automated learning
ICONIP'08 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Advances in neuro-information processing - Volume Part I
Pattern Recognition Letters
Nonlinear non-negative component analysis algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
An optical flow-based approach to robust face recognition under expression variations
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Perfect histogram matching PCA for face recognition
Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing
A new recognition method for natural images
WSEAS Transactions on Computers
Inter-image outliers and their application to image classification
Pattern Recognition
An EDBoost algorithm towards robust face recognition in JPEG compressed domain
Image and Vision Computing
Independent shape component-based human activity recognition via Hidden Markov Model
Applied Intelligence
Realtime training on mobile devices for face recognition applications
Pattern Recognition
A supervised locality preserving projections based local matching algorithm for face recognition
AST/UCMA/ISA/ACN'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Advances in computer science and information technology
A robust method for nose detection under various conditions
ICCVG'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Computer vision and graphics: Part I
PRICAI'10 Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Rim international conference on Trends in artificial intelligence
Face recognition using the feature fusion technique based on LNMF and NNSC algorithms
ICIC'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Advanced intelligent computing theories and applications: intelligent computing
A novel illumination-robust face recognition using statistical and non-statistical method
Pattern Recognition Letters
18F-FDG PET imaging analysis for computer aided Alzheimer's diagnosis
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Supervised relevance maps for increasing the distinctiveness of facial images
Pattern Recognition
Recognizing partially occluded faces from a single sample per class using string-based matching
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on computer vision conference on Computer vision: Part III
Fusion of PCA-based and LDA-based similarity measures for face verification
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing - Special issue on advanced image processing for defense and security applications
PCA based immune networks for human face recognition
Applied Soft Computing
A multi-manifold discriminant analysis method for image feature extraction
Pattern Recognition
NN'05 Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS international conference on Neural networks
SSIP'05 Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS international conference on Signal, speech and image processing
Pattern Recognition Letters
Content-based facial image retrieval using constrained independent component analysis
Information Sciences: an International Journal
A novel feature vectors construction approach for face recognition
Transactions on computational science XI
Boosted independent features for face expression recognition
ISNN'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in neural networks - Volume Part II
Cancellable face biometrics system by combining independent component analysis coefficients
IWCF'10 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computational forensics
A GA based approach to improving the ICA based classification models for tumor classification
WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications
Face recognition using Histograms of Oriented Gradients
Pattern Recognition Letters
Gender classification using the profile
ISNN'11 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Advances in neural networks - Volume Part II
Face recognition using local graph structure (LGS)
HCII'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction: interaction techniques and environments - Volume Part II
Efficient face recognition fusing dynamic morphological quotient image with local binary pattern
IWANN'11 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Artificial neural networks conference on Advances in computational intelligence - Volume Part II
Face recognition on low quality surveillance images, by compensating degradation
ICIAR'11 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Image analysis and recognition - Volume Part II
SG'11 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Smart graphics
PCA enhanced training data for adaboost
CAIP'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Computer analysis of images and patterns - Volume Part I
Psychophysically inspired bayesian occlusion model to recognize occluded faces
CAIP'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Computer analysis of images and patterns - Volume Part I
Relation learning: a new approach to face recognition
ACIVS'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Advanced concepts for intelligent vision systems
Thinned-ECOC ensemble based on sequential code shrinking
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Pattern Recognition Letters
Novel metrics for face recognition using local binary patterns
KES'11 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Knowledge-based and intelligent information and engineering systems - Volume Part I
A novel probabilistic linear subspace approach for face applications
ICIAP'11 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Image analysis and processing: Part I
Dealing with biometric multi-dimensionality through chaotic neural network methodology
International Journal of Information Technology and Management
An efficient feature selection method for object detection
ICAPR'05 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Advances in Pattern Recognition - Volume Part I
Principal component net analysis for face recognition
MICAI'06 Proceedings of the 5th Mexican international conference on Artificial Intelligence
ICONIP'06 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part II
E-2DLDA: a new matrix-based image representation method for face recognition
ICONIP'06 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part II
Fast independent component analysis for face feature extraction
ISNN'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in Neural Networks - Volume Part I
An improvement on PCA algorithm for face recognition
ISNN'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in Neural Networks - Volume Part I
Appearance-Based gait recognition using independent component analysis
ICNC'06 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in Natural Computation - Volume Part I
ICAPR'05 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis - Volume Part II
Effects of JPEG and JPEG2000 compression on face recognition
ICAPR'05 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis - Volume Part II
Some component analysis based on fuzzy relational structure
WILF'03 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Fuzzy Logic and Applications
A testing methodology for face recognition algorithms
MLMI'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction
Automatic facial expression recognition using linear and nonlinear holistic spatial analysis
ACII'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
Modeling micro-patterns for feature extraction
AMFG'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Analysis and Modelling of Faces and Gestures
Specific sensors for face recognition
ICB'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
IPMI'05 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Information Processing in Medical Imaging
Improvement on PCA and 2DPCA algorithms for face recognition
CIVR'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Image and Video Retrieval
ISNN'06 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Advnaces in Neural Networks - Volume Part II
Separation theorem for independent subspace analysis and its consequences
Pattern Recognition
Face recognition from spatially-morphed video sequences
ICIAR'06 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition - Volume Part II
Automatic vehicle detection using statistical approach
ACCV'06 Proceedings of the 7th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Detection of moving objects by independent component analysis
ACCV'06 Proceedings of the 7th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Facial expression recognition by ICA with selective prior
ICA'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Independent Component Analysis and Blind Signal Separation
Robust Classification Method of Tumor Subtype by Using Correlation Filters
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics (TCBB)
Penalized independent component discriminant method for tumor classification
ICIC'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Computational Intelligence and Bioinformatics - Volume Part III
Robust face recognition based on part-based localized basis images
ICIAP'05 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Advanced correlation filters for face recognition using low-resolution visual and thermal imagery
ICIAR'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Classifying faces with discriminant isometric feature mapping
MICAI'05 Proceedings of the 4th Mexican international conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Recent advances in subspace analysis for face recognition
SINOBIOMETRICS'04 Proceedings of the 5th Chinese conference on Advances in Biometric Person Authentication
Face recognition by estimating facial distinctive information distribution
ACCV'09 Proceedings of the 9th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Gradient-based local descriptor and centroid neural network for face recognition
ISNN'10 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Advances in Neural Networks - Volume Part II
Palmprint recognition using polynomial neural network
ISNN'10 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Advances in Neural Networks - Volume Part II
One to many 3D face recognition enhanced through k-d-tree based spatial access
MIS'05 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Advances in Multimedia Information Systems
Image-Set based face recognition using boosted global and local principal angles
ACCV'09 Proceedings of the 9th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Robust Visual Tracking Using an Effective Appearance Model Based on Sparse Coding
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST)
Enhanced discrimination of face orientation based on gabor filters
ICONIP'11 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part I
Face recognition from color images using sparse projection analysis
ICIAR'10 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition - Volume Part I
Spatial feature interdependence matrix (SFIM): a robust descriptor for face recognition
PSIVT'11 Proceedings of the 5th Pacific Rim conference on Advances in Image and Video Technology - Volume Part I
Human figure segmentation using independent component analysis
IbPRIA'05 Proceedings of the Second Iberian conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis - Volume Part I
Removing shadows from face images using ICA
IbPRIA'05 Proceedings of the Second Iberian conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis - Volume Part I
Face recognition based on rearranged modular 2DPCA
ICIC'11 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Advanced Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications: with aspects of artificial intelligence
A local spectral distribution approach to face recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Applying artificial neural networks for face recognition
Advances in Artificial Neural Systems
Kinship verification through transfer learning
IJCAI'11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume Volume Three
Computers & Mathematics with Applications
The small sample size problem of ICA: A comparative study and analysis
Pattern Recognition
Remote identification of faces: Problems, prospects, and progress
Pattern Recognition Letters
Tensor based sparse decomposition of 3D shape for visual detection of mirror symmetry
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Face authentication with salient local features and static Bayesian network
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Enhancing face recognition using Directional Filter Banks
Digital Signal Processing
Latent geographic feature extraction from social media
Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems
A robust feature extraction method for human facial expressions recognition systems
Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Image and Vision Computing New Zealand
Comparative analysis of benchmark datasets for face recognition algorithms verification
ICCVG'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Computer Vision and Graphics
Chaotic neural network for biometric pattern recognition
Advances in Artificial Intelligence - Special issue on Learning Approaches for Biometric Identification and Verification
Contact-Less palm vein recognition based on wavelet decomposition and partial least square
CCBR'12 Proceedings of the 7th Chinese conference on Biometric Recognition
Biview face recognition in the shape-texture domain
Pattern Recognition
Learning compact representation for image with tensor manifold perspective
IScIDE'12 Proceedings of the third Sino-foreign-interchange conference on Intelligent Science and Intelligent Data Engineering
Role-based identity recognition for TV broadcasts
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Learning realistic facial expressions from web images
Pattern Recognition
Recognizing occluded faces by exploiting psychophysically inspired similarity maps
Pattern Recognition Letters
FPGA-Based architecture for extended associative memories and its application in image recognition
MICAI'12 Proceedings of the 11th Mexican international conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence - Volume Part I
Robust face recognition using the GAP feature
Pattern Recognition
On ear-based human identification in the mid-wave infrared spectrum
Image and Vision Computing
Eigenface-based sparse representation for face recognition
ICIC'13 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent Computing Theories and Technology
Face recognition using Weber local descriptors
Neurocomputing
Biometric authentication using finger nail plates
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Local descriptors and similarity measures for frontal face recognition: A comparative analysis
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Robust face recognition via occlusion dictionary learning
Pattern Recognition
An efficient approach for face recognition based on common eigenvalues
Pattern Recognition
Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems: Applications in Engineering and Technology
Low-resolution face recognition: a review
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
Two-factor face authentication using matrix permutation transformation and a user password
Information Sciences: an International Journal
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A number of current face recognition algorithms use face representations found by unsupervised statistical methods. Typically these methods find a set of basis images and represent faces as a linear combination of those images. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular example of such methods. The basis images found by PCA depend only on pairwise relationships between pixels in the image database. In a task such as face recognition, in which important information may be contained in the high-order relationships among pixels, it seems reasonable to expect that better basis images may be found by methods sensitive to these high-order statistics. Independent component analysis (ICA), a generalization of PCA, is one such method. We used a version of ICA derived from the principle of optimal information transfer through sigmoidal neurons. ICA was performed on face images in the FERET database under two different architectures, one which treated the images as random variables and the pixels as outcomes, and a second which treated the pixels as random variables and the images as outcomes. The first architecture found spatially local basis images for the faces. The second architecture produced a factorial face code. Both ICA representations were superior to representations based on PCA for recognizing faces across days and changes in expression. A classifier that combined the two ICA representations gave the best performance.