A Computational Approach to Edge Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Fundamentals of digital image processing
Fundamentals of digital image processing
Face Recognition: The Problem of Compensating for Changes in Illumination Direction
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The Quotient Image: Class-Based Re-Rendering and Recognition with Varying Illuminations
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Fast and Accurate Face Detector Based on Neural Networks
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Detection in Color Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Color spaces for computer graphics
SIGGRAPH '78 Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Efficient, Robust and Accurate Fitting of a 3D Morphable Model
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Filtering Using a Tree-Based Estimator
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Robust Real-Time Face Detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Recognition with Image Sets Using Manifold Density Divergence
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 1 - Volume 01
Automatic Face Recognition for Film Character Retrieval in Feature-Length Films
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 1 - Volume 01
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Recognition Using the Classified Appearance-based Quotient Image
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
3D and Infrared Face Reconstruction from RGB data using Canonical Correlation Analysis
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 01
Face Recognition From Video using Active Appearance Model Segmentation
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 01
Boosted manifold principal angles for image set-based recognition
Pattern Recognition
Mobile face detection and tracking for media streaming applications
International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing
Evaluation of Face Datasets as Tools for Assessing the Performance of Face Recognition Methods
International Journal of Computer Vision
A face recognition system based on local feature analysis
AVBPA'03 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication
Extracting multiple features in the CID Color Space for face recognition
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Face recognition from video using the generic shape-illumination manifold
ECCV'06 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part IV
Blind inverse gamma correction
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Face recognition by independent component analysis
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Color Image Discriminant Models and Algorithms for Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
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Illumination invariance remains one of the most researched, yet the most challenging aspect of automatic face recognition. In this paper the discriminative power of colour-based invariants is investigated in the presence of large illumination changes between training and query data, when appearance changes due to cast shadows and non-Lambertian effects are significant. Specifically, there are three main contributions: (i) a general photometric model of the camera is described and it is shown how its parameters can be estimated from realistic video input of pseudo-random head motion, (ii) several novel colour-based face invariants are derived for different special instances of the camera model, and (iii) the performance of the largest number of colour-based representations in the literature is evaluated and analysed on a database of 700 video sequences. The reported results suggest that: (i) colour invariants do have a substantial discriminative power which may increase the robustness and accuracy of recognition from low resolution images in extreme illuminations, and (ii) that the non-linearities of the general photometric camera model have a significant effect on recognition performance. This highlights the limitations of previous work and emphasizes the need to assess face recognition performance using training and query data which had been captured by different acquisition equipment.