IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Dynamic Vision: From Images to Face Recognition
Dynamic Vision: From Images to Face Recognition
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II - Volume II
Active Appearance Models Revisited
International Journal of Computer Vision
Non-negative Matrix Factorization with Sparseness Constraints
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Handbook of Face Recognition
Nonsmooth Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (nsNMF)
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Fast Active Appearance Model Search Using Canonical Correlation Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A background robust active appearance model using active contour technique
Pattern Recognition
A Unified Gradient-Based Approach for Combining ASM into AAM
International Journal of Computer Vision
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Generic vs. person specific active appearance models
Image and Vision Computing
Adaptive active appearance models
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Face recognition by independent component analysis
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
A comparative study of active appearance model annotation schemes for the face
Proceedings of the Seventh Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing
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Active appearance models (AAMs) have been widely used in many face modeling and facial feature extraction methods. One of the problems of AAMs is that it is difficult to model a sufficiently wide range of human facial appearances, the pattern of intensities across a face image patch. Previous researches have used principal component analysis (PCA) for facial appearance modeling, but there has been little analysis and comparison between PCA and many other facial appearance modeling methods such as non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), local NMF (LNMF), and non-smooth NMF (ns-NMF). The main contribution of this paper is to find a suitable facial appearance modeling method for AAMs by a comparative study. In the experiments, PCA, NMF, LNMF, and ns-NMF were used to produce the appearance model of the AAMs and the root mean square (RMS) errors of the detected feature points were analyzed using the AR and BERC face databases. Experimental results showed that (1) if the appearance variations of testing face images were relatively non-sparser than those of training face images, the non-sparse methods (PCA, NMF) based AAMs outperformed the sparse methods (nsNMF, LNMF) based AAMs. (2) If the appearance variations of testing face images are relatively sparser than those of training face images, the sparse methods (nsNMF) based AAMs outperformed the non-sparse methods (PCA, NMF) based AAMs.