Application of the Karhunen-Loeve Procedure for the Characterization of Human Faces
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Efficient Region Tracking With Parametric Models of Geometry and Illumination
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Active Appearance Models Revisited
International Journal of Computer Vision
Automatic Construction of Active Appearance Models as an Image Coding Problem
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Real-time combined 2D+3D active appearance models
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Fast Active Appearance Model Search Using Canonical Correlation Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The Asymmetry of Image Registration and Its Application to Face Tracking
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face refinement through a gradient descent alignment approach
VisHCI '06 Proceedings of the HCSNet workshop on Use of vision in human-computer interaction - Volume 56
Robust 3D Face Tracking on Unknown Users with Dynamical Active Models
MMM '09 Proceedings of the 15th International Multimedia Modeling Conference on Advances in Multimedia Modeling
Pose-Invariant Facial Expression Recognition Using Variable-Intensity Templates
International Journal of Computer Vision
Learning AAM fitting through simulation
Pattern Recognition
Pose Normalization for Local Appearance-Based Face Recognition
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
A comparative study of facial appearance modeling methods for active appearance models
Pattern Recognition Letters
Efficient constrained local model fitting for non-rigid face alignment
Image and Vision Computing
Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on Multimodal interfaces
ICME'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Multimedia and Expo
Personal photo enhancement using example images
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Non-rigid face tracking with enforced convexity and local appearance consistency constraint
Image and Vision Computing
Video-based face model fitting using Adaptive Active Appearance Model
Image and Vision Computing
A review of active appearance models
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews
Person-independent monocular tracking of face and facial actions with multilinear models
AMFG'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Analysis and modeling of faces and gestures
Pose-invariant facial expression recognition using variable-intensity templates
ACCV'07 Proceedings of the 8th Asian conference on Computer vision - Volume Part I
3D face reconstruction under imperfect tracking circumstances using shape model constraints
ISVC'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part II
An evaluation of video-to-video face verification
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Robust open-set face recognition for small-scale convenience applications
Proceedings of the 32nd DAGM conference on Pattern recognition
Face tracking with automatic model construction
Image and Vision Computing
Regression based automatic face annotation for deformable model building
Pattern Recognition
Age regression from soft aligned face images using low computational resources
IbPRIA'11 Proceedings of the 5th Iberian conference on Pattern recognition and image analysis
Real-Time Facial Feature Tracking on a Mobile Device
International Journal of Computer Vision
Resolution-Aware fitting of active appearance models to low resolution images
ECCV'06 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Facial feature extraction using a probabilistic approach
Image Communication
Semi-supervised facial landmark annotation
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Morphable displacement field based image matching for face recognition across pose
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Joint face alignment with non-parametric shape models
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Generative face alignment through 2.5D active appearance models
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Trends and Topics in Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Random Forests for Real Time 3D Face Analysis
International Journal of Computer Vision
Hierarchical On-line Appearance-Based Tracking for 3D head pose, eyebrows, lips, eyelids and irises
Image and Vision Computing
Locality-Constrained active appearance model
ACCV'12 Proceedings of the 11th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Face parts localization using structured-output regression forests
ACCV'12 Proceedings of the 11th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Generic active appearance models revisited
ACCV'12 Proceedings of the 11th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
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Active Appearance Models (AAMs) are generative parametric models that have been successfully used in the past to model faces. Anecdotal evidence, however, suggests that the performance of an AAM built to model the variation in appearance of a single person across pose, illumination, and expression (a Person Specific AAM) is substantially better than the performance of an AAM built to model the variation in appearance of many faces, including unseen subjects not in the training set (a Generic AAM). In this paper, we present an empirical evaluation that shows that Person Specific AAMs are, as expected, both easier to build and more robust to fit than Generic AAMs. Moreover, we show that: (1) building a generic shape model is far easier than building a generic appearance model, and (2) the shape component is the main cause of the reduced fitting robustness of Generic AAMs. We then proceed to describe two refinements to Generic AAMs to improve their performance: (1) a refitting procedure to improve the quality of the ground-truth data used to build the AAM and (2) a new fitting algorithm. For both refinements we demonstrate dramatically improved fitting performance. Finally, we evaluate the effect of these improvements on a combined model construction and fitting task.