Active shape models—their training and application
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Automatic Interpretation and Coding of Face Images Using Flexible Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Merging and Splitting Eigenspace Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II - Volume II
A Noise Robust Statistical Texture Model
MICCAI '02 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention-Part II
Wavelet Compression of Active Appearance Models
MICCAI '99 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Interpreting Face Images Using Active Appearance Models
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
View-Based Active Appearance Models
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Example-based composite sketching of human portraits
Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering
Active Appearance Models Revisited
International Journal of Computer Vision
Automatic Construction of Active Appearance Models as an Image Coding Problem
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Constructing and Fitting Active Appearance Models With Occlusion
CVPRW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (CVPRW'04) Volume 5 - Volume 05
Wedgelet Enhanced Appearance Models
CVPRW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (CVPRW'04) Volume 12 - Volume 12
On Modelling Nonlinear Shape-and-Texture Appearance Manifolds
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 2 - Volume 02
Multi-View AAM Fitting and Camera Calibration
ICCV '05 Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1 - Volume 01
Layered Active Appearance Models
ICCV '05 Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Large Motion Object Tracking using Active Contour Combined Active Appearance Model
ICVS '06 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Systems
Cascaded Classification of Gender and Facial Expression using Active Appearance Models
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Facial Feature Detection and Tracking with Automatic Template Selection
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Robust AAM Fitting by Fusion of Images and Disparity Data
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2
Fast Active Appearance Model Search Using Canonical Correlation Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Real-Time Facial Expression Recognition using the STAAM
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 01
The effect of texture representations on AAM performance
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 02
A Framework for Weighted Fusion of Multiple Statistical Models of Shape and Appearance
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The Asymmetry of Image Registration and Its Application to Face Tracking
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Unified Gradient-Based Approach for Combining ASM into AAM
International Journal of Computer Vision
Real-time expression cloning using appearance models
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
CompSysTech '07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Computer systems and technologies
Expression-invariant face recognition by facial expression transformations
Pattern Recognition Letters
A new approach for face recognition by sketches in photos
Signal Processing
Patch Alignment for Dimensionality Reduction
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
An iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision
IJCAI'81 Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Generic vs. person specific active appearance models
Image and Vision Computing
Real-time combined 2D+3D active appearance models
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Subspace analysis and optimization for AAM based face alignment
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
A comparison of shape constrained facial feature detectors
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
A novel convergence acheme for active appearance models
CVPR'03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Illumination invariant face alignment using multi-band active appearance model
PReMI'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence
Classification of face images for gender, age, facial expression, and identity
ICANN'05 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Artificial Neural Networks: biological Inspirations - Volume Part I
ICIAR'06 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition - Volume Part II
A novel algorithm for fitting 3-d active appearance models: applications to cardiac MRI segmentation
SCIA'05 Proceedings of the 14th Scandinavian conference on Image Analysis
Resolution-Aware fitting of active appearance models to low resolution images
ECCV'06 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Gait Components and Their Application to Gender Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews
Pose-Robust Facial Expression Recognition Using View-Based 2D 3D AAM
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Adaptive active appearance models
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Bayesian Tensor Approach for 3-D Face Modeling
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
A comparative study of active appearance model annotation schemes for the face
Proceedings of the Seventh Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing
Real-Time Facial Feature Tracking on a Mobile Device
International Journal of Computer Vision
Using ASM in CT data segmentaion for prostate radiotherapy
ICCVG'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Computer Vision and Graphics
A review of motion analysis methods for human Nonverbal Communication Computing
Image and Vision Computing
EM-GPA: Generalized Procrustes analysis with hidden variables for 3D shape modeling
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Eye pupil localization with an ensemble of randomized trees
Pattern Recognition
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Active appearance model (AAM) is a powerful generative method for modeling deformable objects. The model decouples the shape and the texture variations of objects, which is followed by an efficient gradient-based model fitting method. Due to the flexible and simple framework, AAM has been widely applied in the fields of computer vision. However, difficulties are met when it is applied to various practical issues, which lead to a lot of prominent improvements to the model. Nevertheless, these difficulties and improvements have not been studied systematically. This motivates us to review the recent advances of AAM. This paper focuses on the improvements in the literature in turns of the problems suffered by AAM in practical applications. Therefore, these algorithms are summarized from three aspects, i.e., efficiency, discrimination, and robustness. Additionally, some applications and implementations of AAM are also enumerated. The main purpose of this paper is to serve as a guide for further research.