Pairwise classification and support vector machines
Advances in kernel methods
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Recognizing Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Image Analysis by Unsupervised Learning
Face Image Analysis by Unsupervised Learning
Distortion Invariant Object Recognition in the Dynamic Link Architecture
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Learning to recognize three-dimensional objects
Neural Computation
Comprehensive Database for Facial Expression Analysis
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
3D Tracking of Morphable Objects Using Conditionally Gaussian Nonlinear Filters
CVPRW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (CVPRW'04) Volume 12 - Volume 12
EMPATH: A Neural Network that Categorizes Facial Expressions
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Spontaneous vs. posed facial behavior: automatic analysis of brow actions
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Faces of pain: automated measurement of spontaneousallfacial expressions of genuine and posed pain
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Visual inference of human emotion and behaviour
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Human-Centred Intelligent Human Computer Interaction (HCI²): how far are we from attaining it?
International Journal of Autonomous and Adaptive Communications Systems
Data Mining Spontaneous Facial Behavior with Automatic Expression Coding
Verbal and Nonverbal Features of Human-Human and Human-Machine Interaction
Facial expression recognition based on Local Binary Patterns: A comprehensive study
Image and Vision Computing
Pose-Invariant Facial Expression Recognition Using Variable-Intensity Templates
International Journal of Computer Vision
Comparing Feature Point Tracking with Dense Flow Tracking for Facial Expression Recognition
IWINAC '09 Proceedings of the 3rd International Work-Conference on The Interplay Between Natural and Artificial Computation: Part II: Bioinspired Applications in Artificial and Natural Computation
Social signal processing: Survey of an emerging domain
Image and Vision Computing
Automatic coding of facial expressions displayed during posed and genuine pain
Image and Vision Computing
Multi-modal features for real-time detection of human-robot interaction categories
Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Emotional intensity-based facial expression cloning for low polygonal applications
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews
Towards a portable intelligent facial expression recognizer
Intelligent Decision Technologies
Facial-component-based bag of words and PHOG descriptor for facial expression recognition
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
Facial affect recognition using regularized discriminant analysis-based algorithms
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing - Special issue on video analysis for human behavior understanding
Spatiotemporal-boosted DCT features for head and face gesture analysis
HBU'10 Proceedings of the First international conference on Human behavior understanding
ICONIP'10 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Neural information processing: models and applications - Volume Part II
Improving dynamic facial expression recognition with feature subset selection
Pattern Recognition Letters
Dynamic soft encoded patterns for facial event analysis
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Local binary patterns for multi-view facial expression recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Towards a physical and personal math coin tutoring system
AIED'11 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Artificial intelligence in education
A novel facial expression database construction method based on web images
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service
Context-independent facial action unit recognition using shape and gabor phase information
ACII'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Affective computing and intelligent interaction - Volume Part I
Video indexing and recommendation based on affective analysis of viewers
MM '11 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Investigating the dynamics of facial expression
ISVC'06 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in Visual Computing - Volume Part II
Realistic smile expression recognition using biologically inspired features
AI'11 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Video-driven state-aware facial animation
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
Recognition of 3D facial expression dynamics
Image and Vision Computing
3D shape estimation in video sequences provides high precision evaluation of facial expressions
Image and Vision Computing
Audio-visual emotion challenge 2012: a simple approach
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
Hough forest-based facial expression recognition from video sequences
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Trends and Topics in Computer Vision - Volume Part I
A dynamic approach for detecting naturalistic affective states from facial videos during HCI
AI'12 Proceedings of the 25th Australasian joint conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Framework for reliable, real-time facial expression recognition for low resolution images
Pattern Recognition Letters
A review of motion analysis methods for human Nonverbal Communication Computing
Image and Vision Computing
Linear subspaces for facial expression recognition
Image Communication
Facial expression recognition based on anatomy
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Hi-index | 0.00 |
We present a systematic comparison of machine learning methods applied to the problem of fully automatic recognition of facial expressions, including AdaBoost, support vector machines, and linear discriminant analysis. Each video-frame is first scanned in real-time to detect approximately upright-frontal faces. The faces found are scaled into image patches of equal size, convolved with a bank of Gabor energy filters, and then passed to a recognition engine that codes facial expressions into 7 dimensions in real time: neutral, anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise. We report results on a series of experiments comparing spatial frequency ranges, feature selection techniques, and recognition engines. Best results were obtained by selecting a subset of Gabor filters using AdaBoost and then training Support Vector Machines on the outputs of the filters selected by AdaBoost. The generalization performance to new subjects for a 7-way forced choice was 93% or more correct on two publicly available datasets, the best performance reported so far on these datasets. The outputs of the classifier change smoothly as a function of time and thus can be used for unobtrusive expression dynamics capture. We developed an end-to-end system that provides facial expression codes at 24 frames per second and animates a computer-generated character. In real-time this expression mirror operates down to resolutions of 16 pixels from eye to eye. We also applied the system to fully automated facial action coding.