Feature-based image metamorphosis
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Image warping by radial basis functions: applications to facial expressions
CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing
Computer facial animation
Proceedings of the third annual conference on Autonomous Agents
A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Facial Expression Recognition and Its Degree Estimation
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
Facial expression recognition using a dynamic model and motion energy
ICCV '95 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision
MPEG-4 Facial Animation: The Standard, Implementation and Applications
MPEG-4 Facial Animation: The Standard, Implementation and Applications
Think globally, fit locally: unsupervised learning of low dimensional manifolds
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Facial expression recognition from video sequences: temporal and static modeling
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on Face recognition
The Knowledge Engineering Review
Manifold analysis of facial gestures for face recognition
WBMA '03 Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMM workshop on Biometrics methods and applications
Analysis, synthesis, and retargeting of facial expressions
Analysis, synthesis, and retargeting of facial expressions
Geometry-Driven Photorealistic Facial Expression Synthesis
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
A facial expression recognition system based on supervised locally linear embedding
Pattern Recognition Letters
Pattern Recognition, Third Edition
Pattern Recognition, Third Edition
Facial motion cloning with radial basis functions in MPEG-4 FBA
Graphical Models
Parameterized Models for Facial Animation
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Real-time expression cloning using appearance models
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Dynamics of facial expression extracted automatically from video
Image and Vision Computing
Appearance manifold of facial expression
ICCV'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Computer Vision in Human-Computer Interaction
FSKD'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery - Volume Part I
Recognition of facial expressions and measurement of levels of interest from video
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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People instinctively recognize facial expression as a key to nonverbal communication, which has been confirmed by many different research projects. A change in intensity or magnitude of even one specific facial expression can cause different interpretations. A systematic method for generating facial expression syntheses, while mimicking realistic facial expressions and intensities, is a strong need in various applications. Although manually produced animation is typically of high quality, the process is slow and costly--therefore, often unrealistic for low polygonal applications. In this paper, we present a simple and efficient emotional-intensity-based expression cloning process for low-polygonal-based applications, by generating a customized face, as well as by cloning facial expressions. We define intensity mappings to measure expression intensity. Once a source expression is determined by a set of suitable parameter values in a customized 3-D face and its embedded muscles, expressions for any target face(s) can be easily cloned by using the same set of parameters. Through experimental study, including facial expression simulation and cloning with intensity mapping, our research reconfirms traditional psychological findings. Additionally, we discuss the method's overall usability and how it allows us to automatically adjust a customized face with embedded facial muscles while mimicking the user's facial configuration, expression, and intensity.