Training products of experts by minimizing contrastive divergence
Neural Computation
Comprehensive Database for Facial Expression Analysis
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Kernel Methods for Pattern Analysis
Kernel Methods for Pattern Analysis
Active Appearance Models Revisited
International Journal of Computer Vision
Recognizing Facial Expression: Machine Learning and Application to Spontaneous Behavior
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 2 - Volume 02
Haar Features for FACS AU Recognition
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Fully Automatic Facial Action Recognition in Spontaneous Behavior
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Fully Automatic Facial Action Unit Detection and Temporal Analysis
CVPRW '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop
Facial Action Unit Recognition by Exploiting Their Dynamic and Semantic Relationships
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic feature localisation with constrained local models
Pattern Recognition
Facial Expression Recognition Based on 3D Dynamic Range Model Sequences
ECCV '08 Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Computer Vision: Part II
Manifold based analysis of facial expression
Image and Vision Computing
Dynamics of facial expression extracted automatically from video
Image and Vision Computing
Tracking vertex flow and model adaptation for three-dimensional spatiotemporal face analysis
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans - Special issue on recent advances in biometrics
Coupled Gaussian process regression for pose-invariant facial expression recognition
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Computer vision: Part II
Emotion recognition from arbitrary view facial images
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Computer vision: Part VI
A Dynamic Texture-Based Approach to Recognition of Facial Actions and Their Temporal Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Deformable Model Fitting by Regularized Landmark Mean-Shift
International Journal of Computer Vision
LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST)
Editorial: 3D facial behaviour analysis and understanding
Image and Vision Computing
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Person independent and pose invariant estimations of facial expressions and action unit (AU) intensity estimation are important for situation analysis and for automated video annotation. We evaluated raw 2D shape data of the CK+ database, used Procrustes transformation and the multi-class SVM leave-one-out method for classification. We found close to 100% performance demonstrating the relevance and the strength of details of the shape. Precise 3D shape information was computed by means of constrained local models (CLM) on video sequences. Such sequences offer the opportunity to compute a time-averaged '3D personal mean shape' (PMS) from the estimated CLM shapes, which - upon subtraction - gives rise to person independent emotion estimation. On CK+ data PMS showed significant improvements over AU0 normalization; performance reached and sometimes surpassed state-of-the-art results on emotion classification and on AU intensity estimation. 3D PMS from 3D CLM offers pose invariant emotion estimation that we studied by rendering a 3D emotional database for different poses and different subjects from the BU 4DFE database. Frontal shapes derived from CLM fits of the 3D shape were evaluated. Results demonstrate that shape estimation alone can be used for robust, high quality pose invariant emotion classification and AU intensity estimation.