EMPATH: face, emotion, and gender recognition using holons
NIPS-3 Proceedings of the 1990 conference on Advances in neural information processing systems 3
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SexNet: A neural network identifies sex from human faces
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Neural Computation
Geometry and photometry in three-dimensional visual recognition
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Neural Computation
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Signal Processing - Special issue on higher order statistics
Recognizing Human Facial Expressions From Long Image Sequences Using Optical Flow
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection
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Linear Object Classes and Image Synthesis From a Single Example Image
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Automatic Interpretation and Coding of Face Images Using Flexible Models
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Coding, Analysis, Interpretation, and Recognition of Facial Expressions
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Inferring sparse, overcomplete image codes using an efficient coding framework
NIPS '97 Proceedings of the 1997 conference on Advances in neural information processing systems 10
Distortion Invariant Object Recognition in the Dynamic Link Architecture
IEEE Transactions on Computers
3-D Motion Estimation in Model-Based Facial Image Coding
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Analysis and Synthesis of Facial Image Sequences Using Physical and Anatomical Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Recognition: Features Versus Templates
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Subtly Different Facial Expression Recognition and Expression Intensity Estimation
CVPR '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Example Based Image Analysis and Synthesis
Example Based Image Analysis and Synthesis
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Face image analysis by unsupervised learning and redundancy reduction
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Human expression recognition from motion using a radial basis function network architecture
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Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art
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Recognizing Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Toward Machine Emotional Intelligence: Analysis of Affective Physiological State
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence - Graph Algorithms and Computer Vision
Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A hybrid approach of NN and HMM for facial emotion classification
Pattern Recognition Letters
Learning to recognize three-dimensional objects
Neural Computation
A Tale of Two Classifiers: SNoW vs. SVM in Visual Recognition
ECCV '02 Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision-Part IV
Eye-State Action Unit Detection by Gabor Wavelets
ICMI '00 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Multimodal Interfaces
An Improved Facial Expression Recognition Method
ICMI '00 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Multimodal Interfaces
Face Recognition Using Independent Gabor Wavelet Features
AVBPA '01 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Automatic Facial Feature Extraction and Facial Expression Recognition
AVBPA '01 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Finding Faces in Cluttered Still Images with Few Examples
ICANN '01 Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks
A Comparison of Face Detection Algorithms
ICANN '02 Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks
An Affective Module for an Intelligent Tutoring System
ITS '02 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Facial Expression Analysis under Various Head Poses
PCM '02 Proceedings of the Third IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia: Advances in Multimedia Information Processing
Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis
Multimodal interface for human-machine communication
Neural Networks - 2003 Special issue: Advances in neural networks research IJCNN'03
Fully Automatic Upper Facial Action Recognition
AMFG '03 Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures
Recognizing faces with PCA and ICA
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on Face recognition
Facial expression recognition from video sequences: temporal and static modeling
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on Face recognition
Face recognition: A literature survey
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
First steps towards automatic recognition of spontaneous facial action units
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Gabor-Based Kernel PCA with Fractional Power Polynomial Models for Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Statistical synthesis of facial expressions for the portrayal of emotion
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APGV '04 Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
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Manipulating Video Sequences to Determine the Components of Conversational Facial Expressions
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Face and body gesture recognition for a vision-based multimodal analyzer
VIP '05 Proceedings of the Pan-Sydney area workshop on Visual information processing
Feature-Based Detection of Facial Landmarks from Neutral and Expressive Facial Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Facial emotion recognition by adaptive processing of tree structures
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Neural Networks - Special issue: Emotion and brain
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EMPATH: A Neural Network that Categorizes Facial Expressions
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ICME '03 Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Multimedia and Expo - Volume 2
Semantic-based facial expression recognition using analytical hierarchy process
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
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Visual learning of texture descriptors for facial expression recognition in thermal imagery
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Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
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Static topographic modeling for facial expression recognition and analysis
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A probabilistic model for face transformation with application to person identification
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Facial Action Unit Recognition by Exploiting Their Dynamic and Semantic Relationships
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
Faces of pain: automated measurement of spontaneousallfacial expressions of genuine and posed pain
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CEA'07 Proceedings of the 2007 annual Conference on International Conference on Computer Engineering and Applications
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An analysis of facial expression recognition under partial facial image occlusion
Image and Vision Computing
A real-time facial expression recognition system for online games
International Journal of Computer Games Technology - Joint International Conference on Cyber Games and Interactive Entertainment 2006
Journal on Image and Video Processing - Anthropocentric Video Analysis: Tools and Applications
Facial feature extraction using complex dual-tree wavelet transform
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
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ICCS '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Computational Science, Part II
Kinetic Pseudo-energy History for Human Dynamic Gestures Recognition
AMDO '08 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Articulated Motion and Deformable Objects
Ensemble Approaches to Facial Action Unit Classification
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Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
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Data Mining Spontaneous Facial Behavior with Automatic Expression Coding
Verbal and Nonverbal Features of Human-Human and Human-Machine Interaction
Facial expression recognition based on Local Binary Patterns: A comprehensive study
Image and Vision Computing
Subtle facial expression recognition using motion magnification
Pattern Recognition Letters
Real-time facial expression recognition using STAAM and layered GDA classifier
Image and Vision Computing
Upper Facial Action Unit Recognition
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
Boosted multi-resolution spatiotemporal descriptors for facial expression recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
A method towards face recognition
International Journal of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications
International Journal of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications
Little Mozart: Establishing Long Term Relationships with (Virtual) Companions
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Automatic coding of facial expressions displayed during posed and genuine pain
Image and Vision Computing
Emotion recognition from facial expressions and its control using fuzzy logic
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Discriminant nonnegative tensor factorization algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Facial Expression Invariants for Estimating Mental States of Person
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Dynamics of facial expression extracted automatically from video
Image and Vision Computing
Review of existing algorithms for face detection and recognition
CIMMACS'09 Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on Computational intelligence, man-machine systems and cybernetics
Mobile to server face recognition: a proposed system for social situations in Malaysia
CIMMACS'09 Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on Computational intelligence, man-machine systems and cybernetics
SVM decision boundary based discriminative subspace induction
Pattern Recognition
Robust face detection using Gabor filter features
Pattern Recognition Letters
Classification of facial expressions using K-nearest neighbor classifier
MIRAGE'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Computer vision/computer graphics collaboration techniques
Evaluation of expression recognition techniques
CIVR'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Image and video retrieval
Face to face communications in multiplayer online games: a real-time system
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: applications and services
Human computer intelligent interaction using augmented cognition and emotional intelligence
ICVR'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Virtual reality
Feature-adaptive motion energy analysis for facial expression recognition
ISVC'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part I
A combined skin model and feature approach for tracking of human faces
CIRA'09 Proceedings of the 8th IEEE international conference on Computational intelligence in robotics and automation
Nonlinear non-negative component analysis algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Higher order orthogonal moments for invariant facial expression recognition
Digital Signal Processing
Facial affect recognition using regularized discriminant analysis-based algorithms
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing - Special issue on video analysis for human behavior understanding
Learning local features for age estimation on real-life faces
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Dimensionality reduction by minimizing nearest-neighbor classification error
Pattern Recognition Letters
Classification-based face detection using gabor filter features
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Synthesis and recognition of facial expressions in virtual 3D views
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Recognizing facial actions using Gabor wavelets with neutral face average difference
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Authentic facial expression analysis
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Love, hate, arousal and engagement: exploring audience responses to performing arts
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Gabor features-based classification using SVM for face recognition
ISNN'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in neural networks - Volume Part II
An efficient facial expression detection system
Machine Graphics & Vision International Journal
Facial expression recognition by independent log-gabor component analysis
ISNN'11 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Advances in neural networks - Volume Part II
Pose and expression recognition using limited feature points based on a dynamic bayesian network
ARES'11 Proceedings of the IFIP WG 8.4/8.9 international cross domain conference on Availability, reliability and security for business, enterprise and health information systems
GAVTASC'11 Proceedings of the 11th WSEAS international conference on Signal processing, computational geometry and artificial vision, and Proceedings of the 11th WSEAS international conference on Systems theory and scientific computation
Continuous emotion recognition using gabor energy filters
ACII'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Affective computing and intelligent interaction - Volume Part II
Adaptive normalization based highly efficient face recognition under uneven environments
ICNC'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Advances in Natural Computation - Volume Part II
Recognizing facial expressions with PCA and ICA onto dimension of the emotion
SSPR'06/SPR'06 Proceedings of the 2006 joint IAPR international conference on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
Human facial expression recognition using hybrid network of PCA and RBFN
ICANN'06 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Artificial Neural Networks - Volume Part II
Gabor feature based face recognition using supervised locality preserving projection
ACIVS'06 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Advanced Concepts For Intelligent Vision Systems
Emotion-based textile indexing using colors, texture and patterns
ISVC'06 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in Visual Computing - Volume Part II
Investigating the dynamics of facial expression
ISVC'06 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in Visual Computing - Volume Part II
NMF with loggabor wavelets for visualization
CAIP'05 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns
Facial expression recognition in various internal states using independent component analysis
AMDO'06 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Articulated Motion and Deformable Objects
Case-Based facial action units recognition using interactive genetic algorithm
ACII'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
Automatic facial expression recognition using linear and nonlinear holistic spatial analysis
ACII'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
Face and facial expression recognition with an embedded system for human-robot interaction
ACII'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
Kernel discriminant analysis for regression problems
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Joint modeling of facial expression and shape from video
SCIA'05 Proceedings of the 14th Scandinavian conference on Image Analysis
Adaptive classifier combination for visual information processing using data context-awareness
IDA'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Advances in Intelligent Data Analysis
Rotation-Invariant facial feature detection using gabor wavelet and entropy
ICIAR'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
How to combat block replacement attacks?
IH'05 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Information Hiding
Kernel modified quadratic discriminant function for facial expression recognition
IWICPAS'06 Proceedings of the 2006 Advances in Machine Vision, Image Processing, and Pattern Analysis international conference on Intelligent Computing in Pattern Analysis/Synthesis
Ambient Intelligence in Everyday Life
Multimodal sensing, interpretation and copying of movements by a virtual agent
PIT'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international tutorial and research conference on Perception and Interactive Technologies
Recognition of facial gestures based on support vector machines
IbPRIA'05 Proceedings of the Second Iberian conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis - Volume Part I
On the simultaneous recognition of identity and expression from BU-3DFE datasets
Pattern Recognition Letters
Automatic detection of pain intensity
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FaceTube: predicting personality from facial expressions of emotion in online conversational video
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
Robust 3D face recognition from expression categorisation
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Novel color Gabor-LBP-PHOG (GLP) descriptors for object and scene image classification
Proceedings of the Eighth Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing
Gabor-Based novel local, shape and color features for image classification
ICONIP'12 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part III
Novel Gabor-PHOG features for object and scene image classification
SSPR'12/SPR'12 Proceedings of the 2012 Joint IAPR international conference on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
Ethnicity classification based on a hierarchical fusion
CCBR'12 Proceedings of the 7th Chinese conference on Biometric Recognition
Facial expression recognition using a new image representation and multiple feature fusion
IScIDE'12 Proceedings of the third Sino-foreign-interchange conference on Intelligent Science and Intelligent Data Engineering
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience
Framework for reliable, real-time facial expression recognition for low resolution images
Pattern Recognition Letters
Multiple kernel learning for emotion recognition in the wild
Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International conference on multimodal interaction
Facial expression recognition in dynamic sequences: An integrated approach
Pattern Recognition
Linear subspaces for facial expression recognition
Image Communication
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The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) [23] is an objective method for quantifying facial movement in terms of component actions. This system is widely used in behavioral investigations of emotion, cognitive processes, and social interaction. The coding is presently performed by highly trained human experts. This paper explores and compares techniques for automatically recognizing facial actions in sequences of images. These techniques include analysis of facial motion through estimation of optical flow; holistic spatial analysis, such as principal component analysis, independent component analysis, local feature analysis, and linear discriminant analysis; and methods based on the outputs of local filters, such as Gabor wavelet representations and local principal components. Performance of these systems is compared to naive and expert human subjects. Best performances were obtained using the Gabor wavelet representation and the independent component representation, both of which achieved 96 percent accuracy for classifying 12 facial actions of the upper and lower face. The results provide converging evidence for the importance of using local filters, high spatial frequencies, and statistical independence for classifying facial actions.