A Method for Registration of 3-D Shapes
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence - Special issue on interpretation of 3-D scenes—part II
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Recognizing Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Least squares conformal maps for automatic texture atlas generation
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Comprehensive Database for Facial Expression Analysis
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 1 - Volume 01
Non-negative Matrix Factorization with Sparseness Constraints
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
High Resolution Tracking of Non-Rigid 3D Motion of Densely Sampled Data Using Harmonic Maps
ICCV '05 Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1 - Volume 01
AAM Derived Face Representations for Robust Facial Action Recognition
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
3D Facial Expression Recognition Based on Primitive Surface Feature Distribution
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2
Conformal Geometry and Its Applications on 3D Shape Matching, Recognition, and Stitching
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Facial Action Unit Recognition by Exploiting Their Dynamic and Semantic Relationships
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Toward Practical Smile Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Real-time 2D+3D facial action and expression recognition
Pattern Recognition
High-resolution, real-time 3D imaging with fringe analysis
Journal of Real-Time Image Processing
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Facial expression recognition using 3D facial feature distances
ICIAR'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Static and dynamic 3D facial expression recognition: A comprehensive survey
Image and Vision Computing
Regression-based intensity estimation of facial action units
Image and Vision Computing
A review of motion analysis methods for human Nonverbal Communication Computing
Image and Vision Computing
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Automatic detection of facial expressions attracts great attention due to its potential applications in human-computer interaction as well as in human facial behavior research. Most of the research has so far been performed in 2D. However, as the limitations of 2D data are understood, expression analysis research is being pursued in 3D face modality. 3D can capture true facial surface data and is less disturbed by illumination and head pose. At this junction we have conducted a comparative evaluation of 3D and 2D face modalities. We have investigated extensively 25 action units (AU) defined in the Facial Action Coding System. For fairness we map facial surface geometry into 2D and apply totally data-driven techniques in order to avoid biases due to design. We have demonstrated that overall 3D data performs better, especially for lower face AUs and that there is room for improvement by fusion of 2D and 3D modalities. Our study involves the determination of the best feature set from 2D and 3D modalities and of the most effective classifier, both from several alternatives. Our detailed analysis puts into evidence the merits and some shortcomings of 3D modality over 2D in classifying facial expressions from single images.