A Method for Enforcing Integrability in Shape from Shading Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Direct Analytical Methods for Solving Poisson Equations in Computer Vision Problems
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Method for Registration of 3-D Shapes
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence - Special issue on interpretation of 3-D scenes—part II
Surface profile measurement using color fringe projection
Machine Vision and Applications
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
From Few to Many: Illumination Cone Models for Face Recognition under Variable Lighting and Pose
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Real-time 3D model acquisition
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Face verification from 3D and grey level clues
Pattern Recognition Letters
SIC_DB: Multi-Modal Database for Person Authentication
ICIAP '99 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
The Trimmed Iterative Closest Point Algorithm
ICPR '02 Proceedings of the 16 th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'02) Volume 3 - Volume 3
Face Recognition Based on Fitting a 3D Morphable Model
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Efficient, Robust and Accurate Fitting of a 3D Morphable Model
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
High-Resolution, Real-time 3D Shape Acquisition
CVPRW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (CVPRW'04) Volume 3 - Volume 03
An Algebraic Approach to Surface Reconstruction from Gradient Fields
ICCV '05 Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1 - Volume 01
A Camera-Projector System for Real-Time 3D Video
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Workshops - Volume 03
A 3D Facial Expression Database For Facial Behavior Research
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Real-Time Imaging - Special issue on multi-dimensional image processing
A Comparison and Evaluation of Multi-View Stereo Reconstruction Algorithms
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 1
3D Facial Expression Recognition Based on Primitive Surface Feature Distribution
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2
Analyzing Facial Expressions Using Intensity-Variant 3D Data For Human Computer Interaction
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 01
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Conformal Geometry and Its Applications on 3D Shape Matching, Recognition, and Stitching
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
How to distinguish posed from spontaneous smiles using geometric features
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Three-dimensional face recognition using combinations of surface feature map subspace components
Image and Vision Computing
High Resolution Tracking of Non-Rigid Motion of Densely Sampled 3D Data Using Harmonic Maps
International Journal of Computer Vision
Human-Centred Intelligent Human Computer Interaction (HCI²): how far are we from attaining it?
International Journal of Autonomous and Adaptive Communications Systems
Using multi-instance enrollment to improve performance of 3D face recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A Survey of Affect Recognition Methods: Audio, Visual, and Spontaneous Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Facial Expression Recognition Based on 3D Dynamic Range Model Sequences
ECCV '08 Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Computer Vision: Part II
Automatic facial expression recognition on a single 3D face by exploring shape deformation
MM '09 Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Real-time 2D+3D facial action and expression recognition
Pattern Recognition
High-quality single-shot capture of facial geometry
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
Assessing the uniqueness and permanence of facial actions for use in biometric applications
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans - Special issue on recent advances in biometrics
Tracking vertex flow and model adaptation for three-dimensional spatiotemporal face analysis
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans - Special issue on recent advances in biometrics
3D face reconstructions from photometric stereo using near infrared and visible light
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
ICPR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition
Local 3D Shape Analysis for Facial Expression Recognition
ICPR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition
Resampling Approach to Facial Expression Recognition Using 3D Meshes
ICPR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition
A Dynamic Texture-Based Approach to Recognition of Facial Actions and Their Temporal Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
3D Face Reconstruction from a Single Image Using a Single Reference Face Shape
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Shape analysis of local facial patches for 3D facial expression recognition
Pattern Recognition
Feature level analysis for 3D facial expression recognition
Neurocomputing
IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Fully automatic 3D facial expression recognition using a region-based approach
J-HGBU '11 Proceedings of the 2011 joint ACM workshop on Human gesture and behavior understanding
What is the range of surface reconstructions from a gradient field?
ECCV'06 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Automatic 3d facial expression analysis in videos
AMFG'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Analysis and Modelling of Faces and Gestures
3D facial expression recognition using SIFT descriptors of automatically detected keypoints
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics - Special Issue on 3DOR 2010
Bridging the Gap between Social Animal and Unsocial Machine: A Survey of Social Signal Processing
IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing
Bilinear Models for 3-D Face and Facial Expression Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Fully Automatic Recognition of the Temporal Phases of Facial Actions
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
ICCV '11 Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision
Recognition of 3D facial expression dynamics
Image and Vision Computing
Facial expression recognition using 3D facial feature distances
ICIAR'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Editorial: 3D facial behaviour analysis and understanding
Image and Vision Computing
A review of motion analysis methods for human Nonverbal Communication Computing
Image and Vision Computing
Automatic facial expression recognition in real-time from dynamic sequences of 3D face scans
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
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Automatic facial expression recognition constitutes an active research field due to the latest advances in computing technology that make the user's experience a clear priority. The majority of work conducted in this area involves 2D imagery, despite the problems this presents due to inherent pose and illumination variations. In order to deal with these problems, 3D and 4D (dynamic 3D) recordings are increasingly used in expression analysis research. In this paper we survey the recent advances in 3D and 4D facial expression recognition. We discuss developments in 3D facial data acquisition and tracking, and present currently available 3D/4D face databases suitable for 3D/4D facial expressions analysis as well as the existing facial expression recognition systems that exploit either 3D or 4D data in detail. Finally, challenges that have to be addressed if 3D facial expression recognition systems are to become a part of future applications are extensively discussed.