What video can and can't do for collaboration: a case study
MULTIMEDIA '93 Proceedings of the first ACM international conference on Multimedia
A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Performative facial expressions in animated faces
Embodied conversational agents
Making Discours Visible: Coding and Animating Conversational Facial Displays
CA '02 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
How Believable Are Real Faces? Towards a Perceptual Basis for Conversational Animation
CASA '03 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents (CASA 2003)
Conversational awareness in multiparty VMC
CHI EA '97 CHI '97 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Psychophysical evaluation of animated facial expressions
APGV '05 Proceedings of the 2nd symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Semantic 3D motion retargeting for facial animation
APGV '06 Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Spontaneous vs. posed facial behavior: automatic analysis of brow actions
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Evaluating the perceptual realism of animated facial expressions
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Social signals, their function, and automatic analysis: a survey
ICMI '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Social signal processing: state-of-the-art and future perspectives of an emerging domain
MM '08 Proceedings of the 16th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Social signal processing: Survey of an emerging domain
Image and Vision Computing
Perceptually guided expressive facial animation
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Human computing and machine understanding of human behavior: a survey
ICMI'06/IJCAI'07 Proceedings of the ICMI 2006 and IJCAI 2007 international conference on Artifical intelligence for human computing
Distinctive parameters of expressive motion
Computational Aesthetics'09 Proceedings of the Fifth Eurographics conference on Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging
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Conversing with others is one of the most central of human behaviours. In any conversation, humans use facial motion to help modify what is said, to control the flow of a dialog, or to convey complex intentions without saying a word. Here, we employ a custom, image-based, stereo motion-tracking algorithm to track and selectively "freeze" portions of an actor or actress's face in video recordings in order to determine the necessary and sufficient facial motions for nine conversational expressions. The results show that most expressions rely primarily on a single facial area to convey meaning, with different expressions using different facial areas. The results also show that the combination of rigid head, eye, eyebrow, and mouth motion is sufficient to produce versions of these expressions that are as easy to recognize as the original recordings. Finally, the results show that the manipulation technique introduced few perceptible artifacts into the altered video sequences. The use of advanced computer graphics techniques provided a means to systematically examine real facial expressions. This provides not only fundamental insights into human perception and cognition, but also yields the basis for a systematic description of what needs to be animated in order to produce realistic, recognizable facial expressions.