The components of conversational facial expressions
APGV '04 Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
View dependence of complex versus simple facial motions
APGV '04 Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Manipulating Video Sequences to Determine the Components of Conversational Facial Expressions
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Psychophysical evaluation of animated facial expressions
APGV '05 Proceedings of the 2nd symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
The evaluation of stylized facial expressions
APGV '06 Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Evaluation of real-world and computer-generated stylized facial expressions
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Evaluating the perceptual realism of animated facial expressions
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Perceptually guided expressive facial animation
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Distinctive parameters of expressive motion
Computational Aesthetics'09 Proceedings of the Fifth Eurographics conference on Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging
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Regardless of whether the humans involved are virtual orreal, well-developed conversational skills are a necessity.The synthesis of interface agents that are not only understandablebut also believable can be greatly aided by knowledgeof which facial motions are perceptually necessary andsufficient for clear and believable conversational facial expressions.Here, we recorded several core conversationalexpressions (agreement, disagreement, happiness, sadness,thinking, and confusion) from several individuals, and thenpsychophysically determined the perceptual ambiguity andbelievability of the expressions. The results show that peoplecan identify these expressions quite well, although thereare some systematic patterns of confusion. People were alsovery confident of their identifications and found the expressionsto be rather believable. The specific pattern of confusionsand confidence ratings have strong implications forconversational animation. Finally, the present results providethe information necessary to begin a more fine-grainedanalysis of the core components of these expressions.