Paint by numbers: abstract image representations
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Processing images and video for an impressionist effect
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Rendering effective route maps: improving usability through generalization
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Evaluating space perception in NPR immersive environments
NPAR '02 Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering
Non-photorealistic computer graphics: modeling, rendering, and animation
Non-photorealistic computer graphics: modeling, rendering, and animation
Stylization and abstraction of photographs
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Real-time halftoning: a primitive for non-photorealistic shading
EGRW '02 Proceedings of the 13th Eurographics workshop on Rendering
How Believable Are Real Faces? Towards a Perceptual Basis for Conversational Animation
CASA '03 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents (CASA 2003)
Bilateral Filtering for Gray and Color Images
ICCV '98 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision
Human facial illustrations: Creation and psychophysical evaluation
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Visual interest and NPR: an evaluation and manifesto
Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering
View dependence of complex versus simple facial motions
APGV '04 Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
The role of image size in the recognition of conversational facial expressions: Research Articles
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds - Special Issue: The Very Best Papers from CASA 2004
Manipulating Video Sequences to Determine the Components of Conversational Facial Expressions
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Psychophysical evaluation of animated facial expressions
APGV '05 Proceedings of the 2nd symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Artistic reality: fast brush stroke stylization for augmented reality
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers
Measuring the discernability of virtual objects in conventional and stylized augmented reality
EGVE'06 Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
Model-based hybrid tracking for medical augmented reality
EGVE'06 Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
Perception-motivated interpolation of image sequences
Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
How well do line drawings depict shape?
ACM SIGGRAPH 2009 papers
The interaction between motion and form in expression recognition
Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization
Emotion recognition using facial expressions with active appearance models
HCI '08 Proceedings of the Third IASTED International Conference on Human Computer Interaction
Perception-motivated interpolation of image sequences
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Within-crowd immersive evaluation of collision avoidance behaviors
Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
Abstract painting with interactive control of perceptual entropy
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Gloss perception in painterly and cartoon rendering
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
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The goal of stylization is to provide an abstracted representation of an image that highlights specific types of visual information. Recent advances in computer graphics techniques have made it possible to render many varieties of stylized imagery efficiently making stylization into a useful technique, not only for artistic, but also for visualization applications. In this paper, we report results from two sets of experiments that aim at characterizing the perceptual impact and effectiveness of three different stylization techniques in the context of dynamic facial expressions. In the first set of experiments, animated facial expressions are stylized using three common techniques (brush, cartoon, and illustrative stylization) and investigated using different experimental measures. Going beyond the usual questionnaire approach, these experiments compare the techniques according to several criteria ranging from subjective preference to task-dependent measures (such as recognizability, intensity) allowing us to compare behavioral and introspective approaches. The second set of experiments use the same stylization techniques on real-world video sequences in order to compare the effect of stylization on natural and artificial stimuli. Our results shed light on how stylization of image contents affects the perception and subjective evaluation of both real and computer-generated facial expressions.