A Method for Registration of 3-D Shapes
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence - Special issue on interpretation of 3-D scenes—part II
Enhanced simulated annealing for globally minimizing functions of many-continuous variables
ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS)
COSMOS-A Representation Scheme for 3D Free-Form Objects
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Objects through Matching of Their Parts
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Generating realistic facial expressions with wrinkles for model-based coding
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
MPEG-4 Facial Animation: The Standard,Implementation and Applications
MPEG-4 Facial Animation: The Standard,Implementation and Applications
A novel cubic-order algorithm for approximating principal direction vectors
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
International Journal of Computer Vision
Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 1 - Volume 01
A 3D Facial Expression Database For Facial Behavior Research
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Discrete conformal mappings via circle patterns
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
3D Facial Expression Recognition Based on Primitive Surface Feature Distribution
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2
Analyzing Facial Expressions Using Intensity-Variant 3D Data For Human Computer Interaction
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 01
Intraclass Retrieval of Nonrigid 3D Objects: Application to Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Dynamic Texture Recognition Using Local Binary Patterns with an Application to Facial Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Survey of Affect Recognition Methods: Audio, Visual, and Spontaneous Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Facial Expression Recognition Based on 3D Dynamic Range Model Sequences
ECCV '08 Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Computer Vision: Part II
Facial expression recognition based on Local Binary Patterns: A comprehensive study
Image and Vision Computing
A novel approach to classification of facial expressions from 3D-mesh datasets using modified PCA
Pattern Recognition Letters
Automatic facial expression recognition on a single 3D face by exploring shape deformation
MM '09 Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia
3-D face detection, landmark localization, and registration using a point distribution model
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Partial matching of interpose 3D facial data for face recognition
BTAS'09 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international conference on Biometrics: Theory, applications and systems
Real-time 2D+3D facial action and expression recognition
Pattern Recognition
FRVT 2006 and ICE 2006 Large-Scale Experimental Results
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Ethnicity- and Gender-based Subject Retrieval Using 3-D Face-Recognition Techniques
International Journal of Computer Vision
A Set of Selected SIFT Features for 3D Facial Expression Recognition
ICPR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition
ICPR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition
Local 3D Shape Analysis for Facial Expression Recognition
ICPR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition
Resampling Approach to Facial Expression Recognition Using 3D Meshes
ICPR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition
Using Facial Symmetry to Handle Pose Variations in Real-World 3D Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic 3d facial expression analysis in videos
AMFG'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Analysis and Modelling of Faces and Gestures
Which parts of the face give out your identity?
CVPR '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Bilinear Models for 3-D Face and Facial Expression Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Facial expression recognition using 3D facial feature distances
ICIAR'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Editorial: 3D facial behaviour analysis and understanding
Image and Vision Computing
Automatic facial expression recognition in real-time from dynamic sequences of 3D face scans
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
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Facial expression analysis has interested many researchers in the past decade due to its potential applications in various fields such as human-computer interaction, psychological studies, and facial animation. Three-dimensional facial data has been proven to be insensitive to illumination condition and head pose, and has hence gathered attention in recent years. In this paper, we focus on discrete expression classification using 3D data from the human face. The paper is divided in two parts. In the first part, we present improvement to the fitting of the Annotated Face Model (AFM) so that a dense point correspondence can be found in terms of both position and semantics among static 3D face scans or frames in 3D face sequences. Then, an expression recognition framework on static 3D images is presented. It is based on a Point Distribution Model (PDM) which can be built on different features. In the second part of this article, a systematic pipeline that operates on dynamic 3D sequences (4D datasets or 3D videos) is proposed and alternative modules are investigated as a comparative study. We evaluated both 3D and 4D Facial Expression Recognition pipelines on two publicly available facial expression databases and obtained promising results.