An Analysis of Initiative Selection in CollaborativeTask-Oriented Discourse
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
Exploring Mixed-Initiative Dialogue Using Computer Dialogue Simulation
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
A User Modeling Approach to Determining System Initiative in Mixed-Initiative AI Systems
UM '01 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on User Modeling 2001
A dialog control algorithm and its performance
ANLC '92 Proceedings of the third conference on Applied natural language processing
A model of plan inference that distinguishes between the beliefs of actors and observers
ACL '86 Proceedings of the 24th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
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The taking of initiative has significance in spoken language dialogue systems and in human-computer interaction. A system that takes no initiative may fail to seize opportunities that are important, but a system that always takes the initiative may not allow the user to take the actions he favours. We have implemented a mixed-initiative planning system that adapts its strategy to a nested belief model. In simulation, the planner's performance was compared to two fixed strategies of always taking the initiative and always declining it, and it performed significantly better than both.