Analysis of Checkpointing Schemes with Task Duplication
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Detailed design and evaluation of redundant multithreading alternatives
ISCA '02 Proceedings of the 29th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Proceedings of the 36th annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Techniques to Reduce the Soft Error Rate of a High-Performance Microprocessor
Proceedings of the 31st annual international symposium on Computer architecture
A Case for Fault Tolerance and Performance Enhancement Using Chip Multi-Processors
IEEE Computer Architecture Letters
Evaluating Different Solutions to Design Fault Tolerant Systems with SRAM-based FPGAs
Journal of Electronic Testing: Theory and Applications
Gate sizing to radiation harden combinational logic
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
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Softcore processors are an attractive alternative to using radiation-hardened processors in space-based applications. Unlike traditional processors however, the logic and routing of a softcore processor are vulnerable to the effects of single-event upsets (SEUs). This paper applies two common SEU mitigation techniques, TMR with checkpointing and DWC with checkpointing, to the LEON3 softcore processor. The improvement in reliabilty over an unmitigated version of the processor is measured using three metrics: the architectural vulnerability factor (AVF), mean time to failure (MTTF), and mean useful instructions to failure (MuITF). Using configuration memory fault injection, we found that DWC with checkpointing improves the MTTF and MuITF by over 35x, and that TMR with triplicated input and outputs improves the MTTF and MITF by over 6000x.