Decision Support Systems - Special issue on economics of electronic commerce
Communications of the ACM
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special isssue: HCI research in privacy and security is critical now
The usability of passphrases for authentication: An empirical field study
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Internet use and non-use: views of older users
Universal Access in the Information Society
International Journal of Electronic Commerce
Personal knowledge questions for fallback authentication: security questions in the era of Facebook
Proceedings of the 4th symposium on Usable privacy and security
Timing is everything?: the effects of timing and placement of online privacy indicators
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Toward an experimental methodology for studying persuasion-based online security
CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Personal choice and challenge questions: a security and usability assessment
Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security
Feasibility study of tactile-based authentication
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Securing credit card transactions with one-time payment scheme
Electronic Commerce Research and Applications
Dynamic virtual credit card numbers
FC'07/USEC'07 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Financial cryptography and 1st International conference on Usable Security
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As the popularity of online shopping grows, concerns about identity theft and fraud are increasing. While stronger customer authentication procedures may provide greater protection and thus benefit customers and retailers, security is often traded off against convenience. To provide insight into this security-convenience trade-off in customer authentication, we experimentally investigated how levels of authentication security and financial risk factors affect perception and evaluation of authentication systems in two contexts: security questions (Experiment 1) and card security codes (Experiment 2). Experiment 1, which examined the effects of security level and product price as a financial risk factor, showed that authentication procedures based on higher-level security tended to be perceived as significantly less convenient and more frustrating. Interestingly, participants rated the higher-level security system (i.e., asking more demanding challenge questions) as less convenient and more frustrating when the amount involved in the transactions was higher. Experiment 2, which introduced consumer liability for fraudulent activities as an additional financial risk factor, showed that participants gave more positive ratings of the higher-level security system under full liability than under zero liability. Taken together, the present research suggests that patterns of security-convenience trade-offs reflecting consumers' perception and appreciation of authentication technologies may vary depending on the characteristics of financial risk factors involved in the transaction process.