The active badge location system
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
The Cricket location-support system
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
The cricket compass for context-aware mobile applications
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
The anatomy of a context-aware application
Wireless Networks - Selected Papers from Mobicom'99
A High Performance Privacy-Oriented Location System
PERCOM '03 Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
LANDMARC: indoor location sensing using active RFID
Wireless Networks - Special issue: Pervasive computing and communications
Broadband Ultrasonic Location Systems for Improved Indoor Positioning
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
The cricket indoor location system
The cricket indoor location system
Improving the accuracy of ultrasound-based localisation systems
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
A comparison of deterministic and probabilistic methods for indoor localization
Journal of Systems and Software
A survey of indoor positioning systems for wireless personal networks
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
Survey of Wireless Indoor Positioning Techniques and Systems
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews
Perspective/navigation-The Global Positioning System
IEEE Spectrum
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Nowadays outdoor location systems have been used extensively in all fields of human life from military applications to daily life. However, these systems cannot operate in indoor applications. Hence, this paper considers a novel indoor location system that aims to locate an object within an accuracy of about 2 cm using ordinary and inexpensive off-the-shelf devices and that was designed and tested in an office room to evaluate its performance. In order to compute the distance between the transducers (speakers) and object to be localized (microphone), time-of-arrival measurements of acoustic signals consisting of Binary Phase Shift Keying modulated Gold sequences are performed. This DS-CDMA scheme assures accurate distance measurements and provides immunity to noise and interference. Two methods have been proposed for location estimation. The first method takes the average of four location estimates obtained by trilateration technique. In the second method, only a single robust position estimate is obtained using three distances while the least reliable fourth distance measurement is not taken into account. The system@?s performance is evaluated at positions from two height levels using system parameters determined by preliminary experiments. The precision distributions in the work area and the precision versus accuracy plots depict the system performance. The proposed system provides location estimates of better than 2 cm accuracy with 99% precision.