Emergence: from chaos to order
Emergence: from chaos to order
Swarm intelligence
Emergent Behavior in Information Economies
ICMAS '98 Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Multi Agent Systems
Self-Organization Patterns in Wasp and Open Source Communities
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Clustering web search results using fuzzy ants: Research Articles
International Journal of Intelligent Systems
To personalize or not to personalize: modeling queries with variation in user intent
Proceedings of the 31st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Emergence of consensus and shared vocabularies in collaborative tagging systems
ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB)
Swarm intelligent surfing in the web
ICWE'03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Web engineering
Emergence versus self-organisation: different concepts but promising when combined
Engineering Self-Organising Systems
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The swarm intelligence has been applied to enhancing web search. But few researches investigate the emergence from the behaviors of users when they forage information through web search engine. In this paper we study the emergence in users' click behaviors in AOL log and examine its reliability as the key to queries. We introduce kappa statistic to characterize the emergence through the consistency of users' clicks on the same query. By analyzing the kappa distribution, we reveal that emergence only occurs to the query issued by a large number of users; and for the queries issued by a fewer users, the clicks are not very reliable as an emergence. We further infer that the occurrence of emergence in users' click behaviors is somewhat related to the scale of users. It may be unreliable to apply techniques of swarm intelligence to enhancing web search for all the queries through considering all users as agents.