Designing Sociable Robots
Psychological responses to simulated displays of mismatched emotional expressions
Interacting with Computers
Interpreting Human and Avatar Facial Expressions
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part I
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Contextual recognition of robot emotions
TAROS'11 Proceedings of the 12th Annual conference on Towards autonomous robotic systems
It's not all written on the robot's face
Robotics and Autonomous Systems
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Researchers have shown it is possible to develop robots that can produce recognizable emotional facial expressions [1, 2]. However, although human emotional expressions are known to be influenced by the surrounding context [7], there has been little research into the effect of context on the recognition of robot emotional expressions. The experiment reported here demonstrates that classical music can affect judgments of a robot's emotional facial expressions. Different judgments were made depending on whether the music was emotionally congruent or incongruent with the robot's expressions. A robot head produced sequences of expressions that were designed to demonstrate positive or negative emotions. The expressions were more likely to be recognized as intended when they occurred with music of a similar valence. Interestingly, it was observed that the robot face also influenced judgments about the classical music. Design implications for believable emotional robots are drawn.