Agents that reduce work and information overload
Communications of the ACM
The persona effect: affective impact of animated pedagogical agents
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Relational agents: a model and implementation of building user trust
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Embodied contextual agent in information delivering application
Proceedings of the first international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems: part 2
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
How Convincing is Mr. Data's Smile: Affective Expressions of Machines
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
The Persona Effect: How Substantial Is It?
HCI '98 Proceedings of HCI on People and Computers XIII
Prominence-interpretation theory: explaining how people assess credibility online
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Joint processing of audio-visual information for the recognition of emotional expressions in human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Subtle expressivity for characters and robots
Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
User-centred design and evaluation of affective interfaces
From brows to trust
We learn better together: enhancing eLearning with emotional characters
CSCL '05 Proceedings of th 2005 conference on Computer support for collaborative learning: learning 2005: the next 10 years!
Emotion Recognition Based on Joint Visual and Audio Cues
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 01
Human computing, virtual humans and artificial imperfection
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Audio-visual based emotion recognition-a new approach
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Using computational agents to motivate diet change
PERSUASIVE'06 Proceedings of the First international conference on Persuasive technology for human well-being
PERSUASIVE'06 Proceedings of the First international conference on Persuasive technology for human well-being
Interacting with a virtual conductor
ICEC'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Entertainment Computing
Evaluating the effects of behavioral realism in embodied agents
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Interpreting Human and Avatar Facial Expressions
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part I
Affective interaction: How emotional agents affect users
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Robots that express emotion elicit better human teaching
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Human-robot interaction
The impact of emotion displays in embodied agents on emergence of cooperation with people
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Listening to sad music while seeing a happy robot face
ICSR'11 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Social Robotics
User interactions with an affective nutritional coach
Interacting with Computers
It's not all written on the robot's face
Robotics and Autonomous Systems
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Embodied agents are often designed with the ability to simulate human emotion. This paper investigates the psychological impact of simulated emotional expressions on computer users with a particular emphasis on how mismatched facial and audio expressions are perceived (e.g. a happy face with a concerned voice). In a within-subjects repeated measures experiment (N=68), mismatched animations were perceived as more engaging, warm, concerned and happy when a happy or warm face was in the animation (as opposed to a neutral or concerned face) and when a happy or warm voice was in the animation (as opposed to a neutral or concerned voice). The results appear to follow cognitive dissonance theory as subjects attempted to make mismatched expressions consistent on both the visual and audio dimensions of animations, resulting in confused perceptions of the emotional expressions. Design implications for affective embodied agents are discussed and future research areas identified.