The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
How Convincing is Mr. Data's Smile: Affective Expressions of Machines
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
The Persona Effect: How Substantial Is It?
HCI '98 Proceedings of HCI on People and Computers XIII
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Subtle expressivity for characters and robots
Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
User-centred design and evaluation of affective interfaces
From brows to trust
User modeling and adaptation in health promotion dialogs with an animated character
Journal of Biomedical Informatics - Special issue: Dialog systems for health communications
Virtual fitness: stimulating exercise behavior through media technology
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: 2004 workshop on VR design and evaluation
Practical approaches to comforting users with relational agents
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Psychological responses to simulated displays of mismatched emotional expressions
Interacting with Computers
Health Document Explanation by Virtual Agents
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Affective interaction: How emotional agents affect users
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Persuasive effects of embodied conversational agent teams
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: intelligent multimodal interaction environments
Persuasion, task interruption and health regimen adherence
PERSUASIVE'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Persuasive technology
PERSUASIVE'06 Proceedings of the First international conference on Persuasive technology for human well-being
Effect of a virtual coach on athletes' motivation
PERSUASIVE'06 Proceedings of the First international conference on Persuasive technology for human well-being
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This paper investigates how users respond to emotional expressions displayed by an embodied agent. In a between-subjects experiment (N=50) an emotionally expressive agent (simulating the role of a nutritional coach) was perceived as significantly more likeable and caring than an unemotional version. Feedback from participants also revealed detailed insights into their perceptions of the agents and highlighted a strong preference for the emotionally expressive version. Design implications for embodied agents are discussed and future research areas identified.