The role of emotion in believable agents
Communications of the ACM
The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Affective computing
Story-marking with improvisational puppets
AGENTS '97 Proceedings of the first international conference on Autonomous agents
Panel on affect and emotion in the user interface
IUI '98 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Tigrito: a high-affect virtual toy
CHI 98 Cconference Summary on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Face to interface: facial affect in (hu)man and machine
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
External manifestations of trustworthiness in the interface
Communications of the ACM
Deictic and emotive communication in animated pedagogical agents
Embodied conversational agents
Developing and evaluating conversational agents
Embodied conversational agents
Future interfaces: social and emotional
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designing Sociable Robots
Affective expressions of machines
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do
Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do
Emotion in human-computer interaction
The human-computer interaction handbook
Emotions in Humans and Artifacts
Emotions in Humans and Artifacts
Life-Like Characters: Tools, Affective Functions, and Applications (Cognitive Technologies)
Life-Like Characters: Tools, Affective Functions, and Applications (Cognitive Technologies)
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The comforting presence of relational agents
CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Affective affordances: Improving interface character engagement through interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Human-computer interaction research in the managemant information systems discipline
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Realism is not all! User engagement with task-related interface characters
Interacting with Computers
Modeling and evaluating empathy in embodied companion agents
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Psychological responses to simulated displays of mismatched emotional expressions
Interacting with Computers
The effects of empathetic virtual characters on presence in narrative-centered learning environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An empathic virtual dialog agent to improve human-machine interaction
Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems - Volume 1
Simulated Emotion in Affective Embodied Agents
Affect and Emotion in Human-Computer Interaction
Behaviour & Information Technology
Affective ranking of movie scenes using physiological signals and content analysis
MS '08 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Multimedia semantics
Designing and evaluating affective open-learner modeling tutors
IDC '08 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Interaction design and children
Are you bored?: Maybe an interface agent can help!
Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Designing for Habitus and Habitat
Context awareness in a handheld exercise agent
Pervasive and Mobile Computing
Des agents virtuels sociaux et émotionnels pour l'interaction humain-machine
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Designing empathic computers: the effect of multimodal empathic feedback using animated agent
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology
Short-term emotion assessment in a recall paradigm
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
A "person" in the interface: effects on user perceptions of multibiometrics
EmbodiedNLP '07 Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing
Design and validation of ECA gestures to improve dialogue system robustness
EmbodiedNLP '07 Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
Affective interaction: How emotional agents affect users
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Extracting social meaning: identifying interactional style in spoken conversation
NAACL '09 Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Modelling affect expression and recognition in an interactive learning environment
International Journal of Learning Technology
Effects of conversational agents on human communication in thought-evoking multi-party dialogues
SIGDIAL '09 Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2009 Conference: The 10th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
Effects of (in)accurate empathy and situational valence on attitudes towards robots
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
EPCE'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics
Affective negotiation support systems
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments
Ethics and Information Technology
A study of demographic embodiments of product recommendation agents in electronic commerce
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Affective interaction in natural environments
"Why can't we be friends? " an empathic game companion for long-term interaction
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
ICSR'10 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Social robotics
Designing interruptive behaviors of a public environmental monitoring robot
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Human-robot interaction
Using computational agents to motivate diet change
PERSUASIVE'06 Proceedings of the First international conference on Persuasive technology for human well-being
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Modeling of operators' emotion and task performance in a virtual driving environment
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Emotion recognition using a hierarchical binary decision tree approach
Speech Communication
Using adaptive empathic responses to improve long-term interaction with social robots
UMAP'11 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on User modeling, adaption, and personalization
The effect of expression of anger and happiness in computer agents on negotiations with humans
The 10th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 3
Evaluating affective feedback of the 3d agent max in a competitive cards game
ACII'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
A formal model of emotions for an empathic rational dialog agent
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
Synthesizing mood-affected signed messages: Modifications to the parametric synthesis
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The impact of emotion displays in embodied agents on emergence of cooperation with people
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Ripple effects of an embedded social agent: a field study of a social robot in the workplace
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
User interactions with an affective nutritional coach
Interacting with Computers
Detecting friendly, flirtatious, awkward, and assertive speech in speed-dates
Computer Speech and Language
The influence of empathy in human-robot relations
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Gender Differences in Interface Type Task Analysis
International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change
Motivating agents in software tutorials
Computers in Human Behavior
AffectButton: A method for reliable and valid affective self-report
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The physiological measurements as a critical indicator in users' experience evaluation
Proceedings of the 17th Panhellenic Conference on Informatics
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Embodied computer agents are becoming an increasingly popular human-computer interaction technique. Often, these agents are programmed with the capacity for emotional expression. This paper investigates the psychological effects of emotion in agents upon users. In particular, two types of emotion were evaluated: self-oriented emotion and other-oriented, empathic emotion. In a 2 (self-oriented emotion: absent vs. present) by 2 (empathic emotion: absent vs. present) by 2 (gender dyad: male vs. female) between-subjects experiment (N = 96), empathic emotion was found to lead to more positive ratings of the agent by users, including greater likeability and trustworthiness, as well as greater perceived caring and felt support. No such effect was found for the presence of self-oriented emotion. Implications for the design of embodied computer agents are discussed and directions for future research suggested.