CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
Bayesian learning in negotiation
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Evolution and learning in multiagent systems
AutONA: a system for automated multiple 1-1 negotiation
Proceedings of the 4th ACM conference on Electronic commerce
Artificial Intelligence - Special issue: Fuzzy set and possibility theory-based methods in artificial intelligence
An agenda-based framework for multi-issue negotiation
Artificial Intelligence
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Subtle expressivity for characters and robots
Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Efficient agents for cliff-edge environments with a large set of decision options
AAMAS '06 Proceedings of the fifth international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Opponent modelling in automated multi-issue negotiation using Bayesian learning
Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems - Volume 1
Multi-party, Multi-issue, Multi-strategy Negotiation for Multi-modal Virtual Agents
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Learning social preferences in games
AAAI'04 Proceedings of the 19th national conference on Artifical intelligence
Expression of Emotions Using Wrinkles, Blushing, Sweating and Tears
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Expression of Moral Emotions in Cooperating Agents
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Affective interaction: How emotional agents affect users
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Can automated agents proficiently negotiate with humans?
Communications of the ACM - Amir Pnueli: Ahead of His Time
The influence of emotions in embodied agents on human decision-making
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Software agents and market (in) efficiency: a human trader experiment
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
Bayesian model of the social effects of emotion in decision-making in multiagent systems
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 1
Emotional contagion with virtual characters
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 3
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
A study of emotional contagion with virtual characters
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Longitudinal affective computing: virtual agents that respond to user mood
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
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There is now considerable evidence in social psychology, economics, and related disciplines that emotion plays an important role in negotiation. For example, humans make greater concessions in negotiation to an opposing human who expresses anger, and they make fewer concessions to an opponent who expresses happiness, compared to a no-emotion-expression control. However, in AI, despite the wide interest in negotiation as a means to resolve differences between agents and humans, emotion has been largely ignored. This paper explores whether expression of anger or happiness by computer agents, in a multi-issue negotiation task, can produce effects that resemble effects seen in human-human negotiation. The paper presents an experiment where participants play with agents that express emotions (anger vs. happiness vs. control) through different modalities (text vs. facial displays). An important distinction in our experiment is that participants are aware that they negotiate with computer agents. The data indicate that the emotion effects observed in past work with humans also occur in agent-human negotiation, and occur independently of modality of expression. The implications of these results are discussed for the fields of automated negotiation, intelligent virtual agents and artificial intelligence.