Expression of Emotions Using Wrinkles, Blushing, Sweating and Tears
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Can automated agents proficiently negotiate with humans?
Communications of the ACM - Amir Pnueli: Ahead of His Time
The effect of expression of anger and happiness in computer agents on negotiations with humans
The 10th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 3
Walk with me: interactions in emotional walking situations, a pilot study
Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception
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There is growing evidence that emotion displays can impact people's decision making in negotiation. However, despite increasing interest in AI and HCI on negotiation as a means to resolve differences between humans and agents, emotion has been largely ignored. We explore how emotion displays in virtual agents impact people's decision making in human-agent negotiation. This paper presents an experiment (N=204) that studies the effects of virtual agents' displays of joy, sadness, anger and guilt on people's decision to counteroffer, accept or drop out from the negotiation, as well as on people's expectations about the agents' decisions. The paper also presents evidence for a mechanism underlying such effects based on appraisal theories of emotion whereby people retrieve, from emotion displays, information about how the agent is appraising the ongoing interaction and, from this information, infer about the agent's intentions and reach decisions themselves. We discuss implications for the design of intelligent virtual agents that can negotiate effectively.